Paenibacillus polymyxa

{{Speciesbox

| taxon = Paenibacillus polymyxa

| authority = (Prazmowski 1880)
Ash et al. 1994

| type_strain = [http://www.atcc.org/common/catalog/numSearch/numResults.cfm?atccNum=842 ATCC 842]
[http://www.ccug.se/default.cfm?page=search_record.cfm&id=1086&db=alx CCUG 1086]
[http://www.angers.inra.fr/cfbp/resultsuite.php?r0=4258&r1=Paenibacillus%20polymyxa&r2=Paenibacillus&r3=polymyxa&r4=&r5=&r6=souche%20type&r7=CIP%2066.22,%20ATCC%20842,%20CCM%201459,%20DSM%2036,%20JCM%202507,%20NCDO%201774,%20NCIB%208158,%20NCTC%2010343,%20NRRL%201105&r8=&r9=Kluyver%20A.J.&r10=&r11=&r12=&r13=&r14=&r15=&r16=1997&r17=CIP&r18=&r19=&r20=&r21=(Prazmowski%201880)%20Ash%20et%20al.%201994,%20comb.%20nov. CFBP 4258]
[http://www.crbip.pasteur.fr/onglet.jsp?tab=res&pageNumber=1 CIP 66.22]
[http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/html/strains/strain.dsm000036.html DSM 36]
[http://elias.it.helsinki.fi/hambi/hambi.nsf/8e001923213e19a0c2256839004553d3/2e5bed91a6a8a99ec225683a004606c3?OpenDocument HAMBI 635] and [http://elias.it.helsinki.fi/hambi/hambi.nsf/8e001923213e19a0c2256839004553d3/5de29cbb4f09522cc225683a0046128d?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,1897 1897]
[http://www.jcm.riken.jp/cgi-bin/jcm/jcm_kojin?JCM=2507 JCM 2507]
[http://bccm.belspo.be/db/lmg_strain_details.php?NUM=13294&COLTYPE=&LIST1=STRNUM&TEXT1=13294&LIST2=ALL%20FIELDS&TEXT2=&LIST3=STRNUM&TEXT3=&LIST4=STRNUM&TEXT4=&LIST5=STRNUM&TEXT5=&CONJ=OR&RANGE=20 LMG 13294]
[http://www.nbrc.nite.go.jp/NBRC2/NBRCCatalogueDetailServlet?ID=NBRC&CAT=00015309 NBRC 15309]
[http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/databases/ NCCB 24016]
[http://www.hpa.org.uk/nctc/jengine.asp NCTC 10343]
[http://nrrl.ncaur.usda.gov/cgi-bin/usda/process.html NRRL B-4317]{{dead link|date=June 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
[http://www.vkm.ru/index.htm VKM B-514]

| synonyms = Bacillus polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Macé 1889
Clostridium polymyxa Prazmowski 1880
Granulobacter polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Beijerinck 1893
Aerobacillus polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Donker 1926
Pseudomonas azotogensis Voets and Debacker

}}

Paenibacillus polymyxa, also known as Bacillus polymyxa, is a Gram-positive bacterium capable of fixing nitrogen. It is found in soil, plant tissues, marine sediments and hot springs.{{cite journal |vauthors= Mahajan GB, Balachandran L |title= Sources of antibiotics: hot springs|journal= Biochemical Pharmacology|volume= 134 |pages= 35–41 |date= June 2017 |pmid= 27890726|doi= 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.11.021}} It may have a role in forest ecosystems{{Cite journal|last1=Tang|first1=Qian|last2=Puri|first2=Akshit|last3=Padda|first3=Kiran Preet|last4=Chanway|first4=Chris P.|date=2017-02-01|title=Biological nitrogen fixation and plant growth promotion of lodgepole pine by an endophytic diazotroph Paenibacillus polymyxa and its GFP-tagged derivative|journal=Botany|volume=95|issue=6|pages=611–619|doi=10.1139/cjb-2016-0300|issn=1916-2790}} and potential future applications as a biofertilizer and biocontrol agent in agriculture.{{Citation|last1=Padda|first1=Kiran Preet|title=Paenibacillus polymyxa: A Prominent Biofertilizer and Biocontrol Agent for Sustainable Agriculture|date=2017|work=Agriculturally Important Microbes for Sustainable Agriculture: Volume 2: Applications in Crop Production and Protection|pages=165–191|editor-last=Meena|editor-first=Vijay Singh|publisher=Springer Singapore|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-10-5343-6_6|isbn=978-981-10-5343-6|last2=Puri|first2=Akshit|last3=Chanway|first3=Chris P.|editor2-last=Mishra|editor2-first=Pankaj Kumar|editor3-last=Bisht|editor3-first=Jaideep Kumar|editor4-last=Pattanayak|editor4-first=Arunava}}

Growth conditions

P. polymyxa can be grown in the laboratory on trypticase soy agar medium. It can also be grown on brain heart infusion agar medium.

Applications

=Agricultural use=

P. polymyxa might have possible future applications as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture.{{Cite journal|last1=Puri|first1=Akshit|last2=Padda|first2=Kiran Preet|last3=Chanway|first3=Chris P.|date=2016-06-01|title=Seedling growth promotion and nitrogen fixation by a bacterial endophyte Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R and its GFP derivative in corn in a long-term trial|journal=Symbiosis|language=en|volume=69|issue=2|pages=123–129|doi=10.1007/s13199-016-0385-z|s2cid=17870808|issn=1878-7665}}{{Cite journal|last1=Padda|first1=Kiran Preet|last2=Puri|first2=Akshit|last3=Chanway|first3=Chris P.|date=2016-07-07|title=Plant growth promotion and nitrogen fixation in canola (Brassica napus) by an endophytic strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa and its GFP-tagged derivative in a long-term study|journal=Botany|volume=94|issue=12|pages=1209–1217|doi=10.1139/cjb-2016-0075|issn=1916-2790|hdl=1807/74390|hdl-access=free}} Biofilms of P. polymyxa growing on plant roots have been shown to produce exopolysaccharides which protect the plants from pathogens. The interactions between this bacterial species and plant roots also cause the root hairs to undergo physical changes.{{cite journal|last=Yegorenkova|first=Irina V.|author2=Tregubova, Kristina V. |author3=Ignatov, Vladimir V. |title=Paenibacillus polymyxa Rhizobacteria and Their Synthesized Exoglycans in Interaction with Wheat Roots: Colonization and Root Hair Deformation|journal=Current Microbiology|date=12 January 2013|volume=66|issue=5|pages=481–486|doi=10.1007/s00284-012-0297-y|pmid=23314809|s2cid=2739127}}

=Antibiotics=

Some strains of P. polymyxa produce antibiotics including fusaricidin and polymyxins.{{cite journal|last=Shaheen|first=M|author2=Li, J |author3=Ross, AC |author4=Vederas, JC |author5= Jensen, SE |title=Paenibacillus polymyxa PKB1 produces variants of polymyxin B-type antibiotics.|journal=Chemistry & Biology|date=Dec 23, 2011|volume=18|issue=12|pages=1640–8|pmid=22195566|doi=10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.09.017|doi-access=}} P. polymyxa var. colistinus produces the antibiotic colistin.{{cite book |last1=Voort |first1=Peter H. J. van der |last2=Saene |first2=Hendrick K. F. van |title=Selective Digestive Tract Decontamination in Intensive Care Medicine: a Practical Guide to Controlling Infection |date=2008 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9788847006539 |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YpyVPOH3AV8C&pg=PA82 |language=en}}

Surfactant complexes isolated from P. polymyxa have been shown to be effective in disrupting biofilms of Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus bovis.{{cite journal|last=Quinn|first=GA|author2=Maloy, AP |author3=McClean, S |author4=Carney, B |author5= Slater, JW |title=Lipopeptide biosurfactants from Paenibacillus polymyxa inhibit single and mixed species biofilms.|journal=Biofouling|year=2012|volume=28|issue=10|pages=1151–66|pmid=23113815|doi=10.1080/08927014.2012.738292|s2cid=39957498}}

=Cell extraction=

P. polymyxa is a source of dispase, an enzyme used to isolate cells from animal tissues.{{cite journal|last1=ONO|first1=JUNKO|last2=TAKAKI|first2=RYOSABURO|last3=FUKUMA|first3=MICHIO|title=Preparation of single cells from pancreatic islets of adult rat by the use of dispase.|journal=Endocrinologia Japonica|date=1977|volume=24|issue=3|pages=265–270|doi=10.1507/endocrj1954.24.265|pmid=410634|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|last1=Stenn|first1=Kurt S|last2=Link|first2=Richard|last3=Moellmann|first3=Gisela|last4=Madri|first4=Joseph|last5=Kuklinska|first5=Elizabeth|title=Dispase, a Neutral Protease From Bacillus Polymyxa, Is a Powerful Fibronectinase and Type IV Collagenase|journal=Journal of Investigative Dermatology|date=August 1989|volume=93|issue=2|pages=287–290|doi=10.1111/1523-1747.ep12277593|pmid=2546994|doi-access=free}}

References

External links

[https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/1406 UniProt Taxonomy]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20140324154428/http://patricbrc.vbi.vt.edu/portal/portal/patric/Genome?cType=genome&cId=118909 PATRIC: Paenibacillus polymyxa]
[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=11487&submit=Search Type strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]

Category:Paenibacillaceae

Category:Bacteria described in 1994