Palmyra Tariff
{{Infobox artefact
| image = Hermitage room 91 - Palmyra 02.jpg
| created = 2nd century CE
| material = Limestone
| discovered_date = 1881
| discovered_place = Palmyra, Homs, Syria
| location = Saint Petersburg, Russia
| image_caption = The tariff in the Hermitage Museum
| discovered_by = Semyon Abamelek-Lazarev
}}
The Palmyra Tariff is an ancient bilingual limestone inscription discovered in Palmyra, Syria. Dating to the 2nd century CE, the inscription provides valuable insights into the economic and political structure of the city and the wider Roman Empire. It is the longest lapidary Aramaic inscription ever found.{{sfn|Gawlikowski|2011|p=415}}
It was discovered in 1881 by Semyon Abamelek-Lazarev, and in 1901 was gifted by the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II to Tsar Nicholas II and is now in the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg.{{sfn|Gawlikowski|2011|p=416}}{{Cite web | title=Items | url=https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/learn/interesting_themes/items/palmira_tarif | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117231030/http://hermitagemuseum.org:80/wps/portal/hermitage/learn/interesting_themes/items/palmira_tarif/? | access-date=2025-03-18 | archive-date=2016-01-17}}
Historian John Matthews described the tariff as "one of the most important single items of evidence for the economic life of any part of the Roman Empire".{{sfn|Healey|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Op8VDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA164 164]}}
The inscription is known as PAT 0259, CIS II 3913, NSI 147 and TSSI IV 37.
Economic Regulation
The primary focus of the Palmyra Tariff Inscription is to outline the tariffs and duties imposed on a range of goods and commodities passing through Palmyra. These tariff rates were established to regulate trade and generate essential revenue for the city. The detailed information on specific tariffs offers a comprehensive view of the economic activities that contributed to Palmyra's prosperity.{{cite book | title=Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia inscriptionum et litterarum humaniorum conditum atque digetum: Pars 1- 1881- | publisher=e. Reipublicae typographeo | issue=pt. 2, v. 3, no. 1 | year=1926 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OctKAQAAMAAJ | language=la | access-date=2023-12-22 | page=34}}
The inscription also enumerates the names of officials responsible for overseeing trade matters. This provides valuable insights into the administrative structure of Palmyra during the period.
Layout
| class="wikitable"
! i !! colspan="3" | ii !! colspan="3" | iii !! colspan="2" | iv | |||||||
| rowspan="2" | | colspan="3" | Greek Heading (Greek ii 1–2) | colspan="3" |? | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | ||||
| colspan="3" | Aramaic Heading (Aramaic ii 1) | colspan="3" | | ||||||
Main Greek Text (Greek i 1–13) | rowspan="3" | Aramaic ii c 100–148 | rowspan="3" | Aramaic ii b 51–99 | rowspan="3" | Aramaic ii a 2–50 | rowspan="4" | Greek iii a 1–47 | rowspan="4" | Greek iii b 48–93 | rowspan="4" | Greek iii c 49–140 | rowspan="4" | Greek iv a 141–97 | rowspan="4" | Greek iv b 198–237 |
Main Aramaic Text (Aramaic i 1–11) | |||||||
Greek i 14–15 inserted in Aramaic after line 11; Aramaic i 12–13 follow | |||||||
| colspan="3" | Aramaic ii 149 |
Bibliography
- {{cite journal | last=Waddington | first=William Henry | authorlink= William Waddington|title=Lettre du prince Lazarew sur une inscription datée de Palmyre | journal=Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres | volume=26 | issue=2 | date=1882 | issn=0065-0536 | doi=10.3406/crai.1882.68768 | pages=79–81 | language=fr|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1882_num_26_2_68768}}
- Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé, 1883 [https://books.google.com/books?id=84NFAQAAMAAJ Inscriptions Palmyréniennes Inédites], [https://books.google.com/books?id=84NFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA231 Journal Asiatique 1, 231–245]; and Inscriptions Palmyréniennes Inédites, [https://books.google.com/books?id=84NFAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA149 Journal Asiatique 2, 149–183]
- Duval, R., "Communication sur la loi fiscale de Palmyre." JA 8/2 (1883): 537–39
- Cagnat, R., "Remarques sur un tarif récemment découvert à Palmyre." Revue de philologie 8 (1884): 135–44
- Semyon Abamelek-Lazarev, (1884), Пальмира. Археологические исследования
- Dessau, H., "Die Steuertarif von Palmyra." Hermes 19 (1884): 486–533
- Duval, R., "Le passif dans l'araméen biblique et la palmyrénien." REJ 8 (1884): 57–63
- Reckendorf, S., "Der aramäische Teil des palmyrenschen Zoll-und Steuertarifs." ZDMG 42 (1888): 370–415
- Chabot, J.-B., "Remarques sur le Tarif de Palmyre." JA (1918)
- {{cite journal |last=Seyrig |first=Henri |title=Antiquités syriennes: 36. Le statut de Palmyre |journal=Syria |publisher=Institut Francais du Proche-Orient |volume=22 |issue=2 |year=1941 |issn=0039-7946 |jstor=4196346 |pages=155–175 |doi=10.3406/syria.1941.4234 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4196346 |access-date=2023-12-24}}
- {{cite journal | last=Piganiol | first=A. | title=Observations Sur le Tarif de Palmyre | journal=Revue Historique | publisher=Presses Universitaires de France | volume=195 | issue=1 | year=1945 | issn=0035-3264 | jstor=40947468 | pages=10–23 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40947468}}
- {{cite book | last=Шифман | first=И.Ш. | title=Пальмирский пошлинный тариф | publisher=Издательство "Наука". Главная редакция восточной литературы | year=1980 | language=ru | url=http://kronk.spb.ru/library/shifman-ish-1980-1.htm}}
- Teixidor J. (1983), Le Tarif de Palmyre: Un commentaire de la version palmyrenienne, Aula Orientalis 1, pp. 235–252
- {{cite journal | last=Matthews | first=J. F. | title=The Tax Law of Palmyra: Evidence for Economic History in a City of the Roman East | journal=The Journal of Roman Studies | publisher=[Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, Cambridge University Press] | volume=74 | year=1984 | issn=0075-4358 | jstor=299013 | pages=157–180 | doi=10.2307/299013 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/299013}}
- {{cite book|first=John F.|last=Healey|title=Aramaic Inscriptions and Documents of the Roman Period|series=Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions|volume=4|year= 2009|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925256-5}}
- {{cite journal|last=Gawlikowski|first=Michał|year= 2011|title=Palmyra: reexcavating the site of the Tariff (fieldwork in 2010 and 2011)|journal=Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean|publisher=Warsaw University Press|volume=23|issue=1|editor1-first=Iwona|editor1-last= Zych|editor2-first=Agnieszka|editor2-last=Szymczak|issn= 1234-5415}}
- {{cite journal |last=Gawlikowski |first=Michel |title=Le tarif de Palmyre et le temple de Rab'Asirê |journal=Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres |volume=156 |issue=2 |date=2012 |issn=0065-0536 |doi=10.3406/crai.2012.93567 |pages=765–780 |language=fr |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2012_num_156_2_93567}}
- {{cite book | last1=Shifman | first1=Ilia Sholeimovich |authorlink= Ilya Shifman | last2=Healey | first2=John F. | title=The Palmyrene Tax Tariff | publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the University of Manchester | publication-place=Oxford | date=2014 | isbn=978-0-19-872615-9}}