Paman languages#Gugu Mini
{{Short description|Australian Aboriginal language family}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Australian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox language family
|name = Paman
|region = Cape York Peninsula, Queensland
|familycolor = Australian
|fam1 = Pama–Nyungan
|fam2 =
|glotto = pama1251
|glottorefname= Paman
|map = Paman languages.png
|mapcaption = Paman languages (green) among other Pama–Nyungan (tan)
}}
The Paman languages are an Australian language family spoken on Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. First noted by Kenneth Hale, Paman is noteworthy for the profound phonological changes which have affected some of its descendants.{{cite journal |last=Hale |first=Kenneth L. |author-link=Kenneth L. Hale |year=1964 |title=Classification of Northern Paman Languages, Cape York Peninsula, Australia; A Research Report |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=3 |pages=248–265 |doi=10.2307/3622881 |issue=2 |publisher=Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 3, No. 2 |jstor=3622881}}{{cite journal |last=Hale |first=Kenneth L. |author-link=Kenneth L. Hale |year=1966 |title=The Paman group of the Pama–Nyungan phylic family. Appendix to Languages of the World: Indo-Pacific Fascicle Six, by G.N. O'Grady, C. F. & F.M. Voegelin|journal=Anthropological Linguistics |volume=8 |pages=162–197 | issue=2}}
Classification
Various classifications of the Paman languages exist. The one outlined below is that of R. M. W. Dixon, though he does not accept that these branches are necessarily related to each other.See Dixon (2002), pp. xxx–xlii.
Geographically, running down the east coast, they are:
- North Cape York
- Northern Paman
- Umpila
- Umbindhamu {{extinct}}
- Lamalamic
- Umbuygamu {{extinct}}
- Lamu-Lamu
- Yalgawarra {{extinct}}
- Yalanjic
- Guugu Yimithirr
- Guugu Yalandji
- Barrow Point {{extinct}} (>> Wik?)
- Mbariman-Gudhinma {{extinct}}
- Djabugay {{extinct}}
Down the west coast, they are:
- North Cape York
- Northern Paman
- Wik
- Southwestern
- Upper Southwest Paman
- Kuuk Thaayorre
- Kuuk Yak {{extinct}}
- Kunjen (incl. Ogh Undjan)
- Yir-Yoront (incl. Yirrk-Thangalkl) {{extinct}}
- Koko-Bera (incl. Gugu Dhaw)
- Kok-Nar {{extinct}}
- Norman Paman
- Kurtjar
- Kuthant {{extinct}}
- Gugadj {{extinct}}
In the interior, south of Wik, they are:
- Thaypan
- Gugu Thaypan (?Rarmul) {{extinct}}
- Aghu Tharrnggala {{extinct}}
- Ikarranggal-Alungul-Angkula
- Ikarranggal {{extinct}}
- Alungul {{extinct}}
- Angkula {{extinct}}
- Takalak {{extinct}}
- Southern
- Agwamin {{extinct}}
- Mbabaram {{extinct}}
- Mbara {{extinct}}
- Walangama {{extinct}}
{{anchor|Koko-Possum}}The name Gugu Mini means 'good speech', and has been applied to several languages in the Thaypan area.{{AIATSIS|Y94|Gugu Mini}} 'Possum language' (Koko-Possum, Gugu Yawa) is another generic name of this area.{{AIATSIS|Y199|Alungul}},
{{AIATSIS|Y74|Gugu Yawa}}
The unclassified Marrett River language ({{extinct}}) was presumably Paman, though distinct from its neighbors, as presumably was Wik Paach ({{extinct}}). The Mayabic languages ({{extinct}}) to the southwest were once classified as Paman, but have been excluded in Bowern (2011).Bowern, Claire. 2011. "[http://anggarrgoon.wordpress.com/2011/12/23/how-many-languages-were-spoken-in-australia/ How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?]", Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web, 23 December 2011 ([http://pamanyungan.sites.yale.edu/master-list-australian-languages-v12 corrected] 6 February 2012) Alodja may have been another Thaypan / Rarmul Pama language.{{AIATSIS|Y219|Alodja}}
See also
Notes
{{Reflist}}
References
: {{cite book
| author = Dixon, R. M. W.
| author-link = R. M. W. Dixon
| year = 2002
| title = Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development
}}
{{Pama–Nyungan languages|Paman}}
{{Australian Aboriginal languages}}