Pan Am Flight 73

Pan Am Flight 73 originated in Mumbai and stopped at the Karachi airport for a scheduled stopover at 4:30{{spaces}}a.m. It was carrying 394 passengers and 9 infants, an American flight crew and 13 Indian flight attendants. A total of 109 passengers disembarked at Karachi. The first busload of fresh passengers from Karachi had barely reached the aircraft standing on the tarmac when the hijacking began to unfold.Dilip Bobb, M. Rahman, Zahid Hussain, and Ramindar Singh. [http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pan-am-hijack-in-karachi-pakistan-security-forces-handling-of-situation-raises-questions/1/348853.html Pan Am hijack in Karachi: Pakistan security forces handling of situation raises questions], India Today, 1986-09-30.

The four hijackers were dressed as Karachi airport security guards and were armed with assault rifles, pistols, grenades, and plastic explosive belts. The hijackers drove a van that had been modified to look like an airport security vehicle, fitted with a siren and flashing lights. They went through a security checkpoint up to one of the boarding stairways to Pan Am Flight 73.{{sfn|Ghosh, Flight 73: The Inner Story|2018|loc=Chap. 2}} They rushed up the ramp, firing shots into the air. Another two hijackers joined the first two men, one of them dressed in Pakistani shalwar kameez and carrying a briefcase full of grenades. There was also gunfire outside the aircraft reported around this time, which killed two Kuwait Airlines staff members working on an aircraft nearby. The hijackers fired shots at the feet of a flight attendant forcing him to close the door. Another flight attendant, Neerja Bhanot, was out of sight of the hijackers and relayed the hijack code to the cockpit crew, who subsequently exited the aircraft through the overhead emergency hatch, via the Inertial Reel Escape Device.{{efn|The Inertial Reel Escape Device consists of five metal cables attached to the roof of the cockpit. Up to five crew can reach the roof through an emergency hatch and slide down to the ground retarded by the cables.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2y5lNVbBeiU A video demonstrating the Cockpit Escape Reels on a Boeing 747-300], You Tube video.}}{{efn|According to an India Today report, Neerja Bhanot, the head purser of the flight, alerted the cockpit crew. But other accounts indicate that she had a gun pointed to her head at that time.{{sfn|Ghosh, Flight 73: The Inner Story|2018|loc=Chap. 2}}}}

After about 40 minutes from the landing of Flight 73, the airliner came under the control of the hijackers. The exit of the pilots immobilised the aircraft.{{efn|The Pan Am executives supported the decision of the flight crew abandoning the plane. Martin Shugrue, the Chief Operating Officer, stated, "In a situation like this, one of our immediate prime objectives (is to) immobilize the aircraft, turn the aircraft into a building."{{sfn|Ghosh, Flight 73: The Inner Story|2018|loc=Chap. 2}}}}{{sfn|Ghosh, Flight 73: The Inner Story|2018|loc=Chap. 2}}{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel04/051304hijacker.htm |title=Jordanian hijacker sentenced to 160 years in prison for deadly 1986 hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 as victims from around the world recount horrors |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation, US Department of Justice |date=2004-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226203531/https://www2.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel04/051304hijacker.htm |archive-date=2016-12-26}}

The four hijackers were later identified as Zayd Hassan Abd al-Latif Safarini (Safarini, alias "Mustafa"), Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim (alias "Fahad"), Muhammad Abdullah Khalil Hussain ar-Rahayyal ("Khalil"), and Muhammad Ahmed Al-Munawar (alias "Mansoor"). Pakistani authorities also identified another accomplice Wadoud Muhammad Hafiz al-Turki ("Hafiz") and arrested him a week later.{{sfn|Ghosh, Flight 73: The Inner Story|2018|loc=Chap. 2}}[https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/file/761996/download United States of America vs. Zaid Hassan Abd Latif Safarini: Rule 11 Proffer of Facts], US Department of Justice, November 12, 2003.

Within a short time after seizing control of the aircraft, the lead hijacker Safarini realized that the cockpit crew had escaped and therefore he would be forced to negotiate with officials. First and business class passengers were ordered to go towards the back of the plane. At the same time, passengers at the back of the plane were ordered forward. Since the aircraft was nearly full, passengers sat down in the aisles, galleys and door exits.

At approximately 10:00, Safarini went through the plane and arrived at the seat of Rajesh Kumar, a 29-year-old Kenya-born Indian resident of Huntington Beach, California, who had recently been naturalized as an American citizen. Safarini ordered Kumar to come to the front of the aircraft, to kneel at the front doorway of the aircraft, and to face the front of the aircraft with his hands behind his head. Safarini negotiated with officials, in particular Viraf Daroga, the head of Pan Am's Pakistan operation, stating that if the crew was not sent on the plane within 30 minutes, then Kumar would be shot.

Shortly thereafter, Safarini became impatient with the officials and grabbed Kumar and shot him in the head in front of witnesses both on and off the aircraft. Safarini heaved Kumar out of the door onto the ramp below. Pakistani personnel on the ramp reported that Kumar was still breathing when he was placed in an ambulance, but he was pronounced dead on the way to the hospital in Karachi.{{Citation needed|date = March 2017}}

Safarini joined the hijackers and ordered flight attendants Bhanot, Sunshine Vesuwala,{{Cite news|last=Leonnig|first=Carol D.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/05/13/a-day-of-horror-in-1986-is-relived/a33fe136-831b-43f2-93c7-46f20786373d/|title=A Day of Horror in 1986 Is Relived|date=2004-05-13|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2020-02-21|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}} and Madhvi Bahuguna{{Cite news|last=Mohan|first=Megha|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35800683|title=Inside a hijack: The unheard stories of the Pan Am 73 crew|date=2016-03-31|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2020-02-21|language=en-GB}} to begin collecting passports. They complied with this request. During the collection of the passports, believing passengers with American passports would be singled out by the hijackers, the flight attendants proceeded to hide some of the American passports under seats, and dumped the rest down a rubbish chute.{{cite book |last1=Thexton |first1=Mike |title=What happened to the hippy man |date=2006 |publisher=Lanista Partners Ltd |location=Great Britain |isbn=0-9553185-0-5 |pages=48–50 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBfkPAAACAAJ}}{{primary source inline|date=December 2018}}

After the passports had been collected, Bhanot came onto the intercom and asked for Michael John Thexton, a British citizen, to come to the front of the plane. Thexton was returning home to England after visiting Pakistan for a personal pilgrimage to Broad Peak, where his brother, a keen mountaineer, had died of altitude sickness in 1983, and boarded the flight in Karachi to disembark at the Frankfurt stop and connect to another Pan Am flight for London.{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-65430030 | title=Pan Am flight 73 hostage learns from hijacker why life was spared | publisher=BBC News | date=May 2, 2023 }} He went through the curtain into the front of the plane where he came face to face with Safarini, who was holding Thexton's passport. He asked Thexton if he was a soldier and if he had a gun, Thexton replied "No". He ordered Thexton onto his knees. Safarini told the officials that if anyone came near the plane that he would go on to kill another passenger.

Viraf Daroga told Safarini that there was a crew member on board who was able to use the cockpit radio and asked him to negotiate through radio. Safarini went back to Thexton and asked him whether he would like a drink of water, to which Thexton replied "Yes." Safarini also asked Thexton if he was married, and claimed he did not like all this violence and killing and said that the Americans and Israelis had taken over his country and left him unable to lead a proper life.{{Citation needed |date = January 2018}} One of the hijackers ordered Thexton to return to his seat.{{Citation needed |date = January 2018}}

Thexton had the opportunity to ask his hijacker about this experience forty years later, and ask why he had not been shot. The hijacker explained that when Thexton had told him that his brother had died and he didn't want to leave his mother childless that the hijacker had sympathy for him and let him go.{{cite news |author=Deborah Linton |date=April 2023 |title=I survived the world's most infamous plane hijack – years later, the terrorist told me why |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/04/17/my-call-terrorist-who-held-me-at-gunpoint-pan-am-73/ |location=UK}}

The hijack stalemate continued on into the night. During the stalemate, Dick Melhart{{who|reason=This name is appearing here for the first time and we have no idea who he is (e.g. passenger?|date=February 2025}} was positioned by the door and was able to unlock it when the firing started.{{Cite news|last1=Markham|first1=James M.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/08/world/jet-survivors-say-army-didn-t-help.html|title=Jet Survivors Say Army Didn't Help|date=1986-09-08|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2020-02-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} About 21:00 the auxiliary power unit shut down, all lighting turned off, and emergency lights came on. Passengers at the front were ordered toward the back, while passengers at the back were ordered forward; however, passengers who stood up in preparation of complying with the hijackers' request saw that the aisles were full of passengers (and thus impassable), and simply sat back down again.{{Citation needed |date = March 2017}}

With the plane out of power and sitting in near darkness, a hijacker at the L1 door said a prayer and then aimed to shoot at the explosive belt worn by another hijacker near the door. The intent was to cause an explosion massive enough to kill all passengers and crew on board, as well as themselves, but this failed. Immediately the hijackers began shooting their weapons into the cabin at passengers and threw grenades.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35800683 |title=Inside a hijack: The unheard stories of the Pan Am 73 crew |first=Megha |last=Mohan |date=2016-03-31 |publisher=BBC News}}

Ultimately it was the bullets that created the most damage since each bullet would bounce off aircraft cabin surfaces and create crippling shrapnel. An air hostess at the L3 door opened the door; although the slide did not deploy, several passengers and crew jumped down the 20{{nbs}}feet ({{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=off|disp=out}}) to the ramp.

Dick Melhart was able to unlatch the door at R3 which was the exit over the wing; passengers jumped out from this exit. A grounds staff trapped on board during the ordeal was responsible for opening the R4 door, which was the only door armed to deploy the emergency slide. Ultimately this slide allowed for more passengers to evacuate safely and without injuries. Bhanot and the other crew members bravely escorted as many passengers as they could first. The other crew survived, but Bhanot was murdered by the hijackers.{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/I-saw-Neerja-being-shot-in-the-head/articleshow/51034521.cms|title='I saw Neerja being shot in the head' {{pipe}} Bengaluru News|website=The Times of India|date=2016-02-18|author=Shilpa Baburaj|access-date=2020-12-21}}

The Pakistani unit responsible for retaking the plane was the Special Service Group (SSG) which was led by Brig. Tariq Mehmood. The SSG Commandos closed in on the aircraft after the power unit went out but did not begin storming the plane until they heard shots fired from within the plane. By the time the commandos reached the plane, many passengers had already begun escaping.{{Cite news |last=Aftab |first=Mohammed |date=September 6, 1986 |title=At least 17 die in hijack in Pakistan |page=1 |work=Manchester Herald |url=http://www.manchesterhistory.org/News/Manchester%20Evening%20Hearld_1986-09-06.pdf |access-date=March 18, 2023}}

There are some inconsistencies regarding the Pakistani Army's reported response to the generator dying. This confusion was later attributed to a rush by officials to take credit for a successful assault on the hijackers followed by a walking-back of statements once the death toll of the tragedy became clear.{{Cite web |last=Tempest |first=Rone |date=1986-09-10 |title=Confusion Amid Pan Am Hijacking : Pakistani Rescue Effort: Case of Too Many Leaders |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-09-10-mn-13211-story.html |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}

The 365 total passengers plus crew on Pan Am 73 were citizens of 14 different countries. Citizens of India represented roughly 27% of the people on board the flight, and 24% of those killed. Citizens of three {{nowrap|countries{{tsp}}{{mdash}}}}{{tsp}}India, Italy, and the United {{nowrap|Kingdom{{tsp}}{{mdash}}}}{{tsp}}together represented the bulk (71%) of those killed.

{{citation needed |date=October 2015}}

• Captain William Allen "Bill" Kianka (born June 1, 1934), Age 52, He served in the U.S. Navy from 1952 to 1954 and fought in one tour in the Korean War, and was serving with Pan Am as a Captain since 1954.
• First Officer Conway Tehan Dodge Sr. (born May 30, 1933), Age 53, He served in the U.S. Marine Corps from 1951 to 1955 and fought in two tours in the Korean War, and was serving with Pan Am as a First Officer since 1955.
• Flight Engineer John Joseph Ridgway (born September 25, 1940), Age 45, He was serving with Pan Am as a Flight Engineer since 1962.

On July 6, 1988, the five Palestinian men were convicted in Pakistan for their roles in the hijacking and murders and sentenced to death: Zayd Hassan Abd al-Latif Safarini, Wadoud Muhammad Hafiz al-Turki, Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim, Muhammad Abdullah Khalil Hussain ar-Rahayyal, and Muhammad Ahmed al-Munawar.{{cite web |title=Act of Terror: Seeking Information Leading to Those Responsible: Pan Am Flight 73 Hijacking |url=https://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/pan_am_73.html |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=2016-06-25 |archive-date=March 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319024233/https://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/pan_am_73.html |url-status=dead }} The sentences were later commuted to life in prison.

According to a CNN report, Safarini was handed over to the FBI from a prison in Pakistan in September 2001.{{Cite news|date=2001-10-01|title=Suspect in 1986 hijacking brought to U.S. for trial|work=CNN|url=http://www.edition.cnn.com/2001/US/10/01/inv.panam.hijacking.suspect/}} He was taken to the United States where on May 13, 2005, he was sentenced to a 160-year prison term. At the plea proceeding, Safarini admitted that he and his fellow hijackers committed the offences as members of the Abu Nidal Organization, also called the ANO, a designated terrorist organization.

The other four prisoners were deported by Pakistani authorities to PA in Israel in 2008.{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/177622-fbi-releases-age-processed-pictures-of-four-1988-pan-am-hijacking-suspects|title=FBI releases age-processed pictures of four 1986 Pan Am hijacking suspects|work=Geo News|date=19 January 2018}}

Libya has been accused of sponsoring the hijacking, as well as carrying out the bombings of Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988 and UTA Flight 772 in 1989.

In August 2003, Libya accepted responsibility for "the actions of its officials" for the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, but was silent on the question of the Pan Am Flight 73 hijacking.{{cite news|author=Arieff|first=Irwin|date=2003-08-16|title=Libya takes blame for Lockerbie bombing|newspaper=Independent Online|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/libya-takes-blame-for-lockerbie-bombing-1.111103}} Libya offered US$2.7 billion in compensation to the families of the 270 victims of Pan Am Flight 103 and, in January 2004, agreed to pay $170 million to the families of the 170 victims of UTA Flight 772.{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Craig S.|date=2004-01-10|title=Libya Will Pay $170 Million In Bombing of French Airliner|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/10/world/libya-will-pay-170-million-in-bombing-of-french-airliner.html|issn=0362-4331}} The seven American UTA victims' families refused the offer and instead filed a claim for $2.2 billion against Libya. From 2004 to 2006 the US and the UK jointly opened up relations with Libya, leading to the removal of sanctions imposed and of Libya's inclusion on the list of countries that sponsor terrorism.

In June 2004, a volunteer group of families and victims from the incident, Families from Pan Am Flight 73, was formed to work toward a memorial for those killed in the incident, to seek the truth behind this terrorist attack, and to hold those responsible for it accountable. On April 5, 2006, the law firm of Crowell & Moring LLP, representing the surviving passengers, estates and family members of the hijacking victims, announced it was filing a civil suit in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia seeking $10 billion in compensatory damages, plus unspecified punitive damages, from Libya, Muammar al-Gaddafi and the five convicted hijackers. The lawsuit alleged Libya provided the Abu Nidal Organization with material support and also ordered the attack as part of a Libyan-sponsored terrorist campaign against American, European and Israeli interests.{{cite web|date=2006-04-05|title=Victims of September 1986 Hijacking of Pan Am 73 File US$10 Billion... -- WASHINGTON, April 5 /PR Newswire UK/ --|url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/victims-of-september-1986-hijacking-of-pan-am-73-file-us10-billion-suit-against-libya-156222575.html|access-date=2015-11-13|website=prnewswire.co.uk|publisher=CROWELL & MORING LLP}}

British media that was critical of normalisation of relations between Gaddafi and the West reported in March 2004 (days after Prime Minister Tony Blair visited Tripoli) that Libya was behind the hijacking.[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article1052614.ece Revealed: Gaddafi's air massacre plot]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, The Times, 2004-03-28

As of September 2015 about $700 million of funds that Libya gave the US to settle claims related to Libyan sponsored terrorism has not been distributed to families of victims who were Indian passport holders.{{cite news|date=2015-09-29|title=1986 Pan Am survivors pin hopes on Modi|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1986-Pan-Am-survivors-pin-hopes-on-Modi/articleshow/49150259.cms}}

File:Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim age progression.jpg

Zayd Hassan Abd al-Latif Safarini was extradited to the U.S. by the Government of Pakistan. He is serving his 160-year sentence at the United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute in Terre Haute, Indiana.

The other four prisoners were deported by Pakistani authorities to PA in Israel in 2008.{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/neerja-bhanot-killing-fbi-releases-age-progressed-images-of-4-wanted-hijack-suspects/articleshow/62574596.cms|title=Neerja Bhanot killing: FBI releases age-progressed images of 4 wanted hijack suspects|work=Economic Times}} On December 3, 2009, the FBI, in coordination with the State Department, announced a $5M reward for information that leads to the capture of each of the four remaining hijackers of Pan Am 73.

One of the four, Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim, was allegedly killed in a drone strike in Pakistan on January 9, 2010.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100119182720/http://www.latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-fg-pakistan-terrorist16-2010jan16,0,672698.story U.S. airstrike reportedly kills terrorist], Los Angeles Times, 2010-01-16 His death was never confirmed and he remains on the FBI's Most Wanted Terrorists list and the State Department's Rewards for Justice list.{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/wanted_terrorists/jamal-saeed-abdul-rahim|title=FBI most wanted terrorist : JAMAL SAEED ABDUL RAHIM|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)}}{{Cite web|title=Rewards for Justice – Wanted for Terrorism – Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim|url=https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/jamal_rahim.html|access-date=2020-09-10|language=en|archive-date=June 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030150/https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/jamal_rahim.html|url-status=dead}}

In hopes of generating new leads for the alleged hijackers the FBI released new age-progressed images{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/new-images-released-in-1986-hijacking-case|title=New Images Released in 1986 Hijacking Case — FBI|accessdate=September 6, 2024}} on January 11, 2018. The case is still under investigation by the Washington Field Office of the Bureau.{{Cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/new-images-released-in-1986-hijacking-case |title=New Images Released in 1986 Hijacking Case |website=Federal Bureau of Investigation |language=en-us |access-date=2018-01-12}}

The aircraft was a four-engined Boeing 747-121 delivered to Pan Am on June 18, 1971, with registration {{Airreg|N|656PA}} named Clipper Live Yankee by the airline. It was later renamed and at the time of the incident was named Clipper Empress of the Seas. After the incident the aircraft was renamed Clipper New Horizons. Pan Am sold the aircraft to Evergreen International Airlines in 1988 and then leased it back. The aircraft was returned by Pan Am to Evergreen in April 1991. Evergreen scrapped the aircraft in 2015.{{Cite web|title=Evergreen International Airlines N483EV (Boeing 747 – MSN 20351) (Ex N656PA ) {{!}} Airfleets aviation|url=https://www.airfleets.net/ficheapp/plane-b747-20351.htm|access-date=2020-09-10|website=www.airfleets.net}}

The film Neerja was released on February 19, 2016, depicting the hijacking and crew's efforts from the perspective of senior purser Neerja Bhanot.

A documentary about the hijacking, called Hijacked: Flight 73, was released in 2023.{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27721398/reference/|title=Hijacked: Flight 73 (2023) - IMDb|accessdate=September 6, 2024|via=www.imdb.com}}

{{Portal|Pakistan|United States|1980s|Aviation}}

• 1986 Bombing of Libya
• List of Pan American World Airways accidents and incidents

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{citation |last=Ghosh |first=Tarak |title=Flight 73: The Inner Story |publisher=BookRix GmbH & Co. KG |location=Munich |date=2018 |isbn=9783743848634 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvRFDwAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Ghosh, Flight 73: The Inner Story|2018}}}}

• {{cite web |title='I survived the world's most infamous plane hijack – years later, the terrorist told me why' |website=The Telegraph |date=17 Apr 2023 |author=Deborah Linton |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/04/17/my-call-terrorist-who-held-me-at-gunpoint-pan-am-73/}}
• Stettler, Jeremaiah. "[http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/politics/52420857-90/majid-hijacking-pan-flight.html.csp 25 years later, experiencing Pan Am hijacking still haunts Utahn]." The Salt Lake Tribune. August 7, 2014.
• "[http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/crew-members-inspect-every-row-of-aircraft-prior-to-news-footage/450000364 New Security Measures for Pan Am Airlines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130033430/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/crew-members-inspect-every-row-of-aircraft-prior-to-news-footage/450000364 |date=2020-01-30 }}." ABC News. December 6, 1986. Getty Images Clip #450000364

• [https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/victim-witness-assistance/hijacking-pan-am-flight-73/significant-events Hijacking of Pan AM Flight 73: Significant Events], The United States Attorney's Office, US Department of Justice, 25 February 2016.
• [http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/dc/Victim_Witness_Assistance/Pan_Am_73.html U.S. Department of Justice Attorney's Office For the District of Columbia] Information on court proceedings of Pan Am Flight 73
• "[https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2001/October/508ag.htm UNITED STATES ARRESTS KNOWN HIGHJACKER FROM PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS FLIGHT 73]" ( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010081336/http://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2001/October/508ag.htm |date=2015-10-10 }}). U.S. Department of Justice. Monday October 1, 2001.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20161226203531/https://www2.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel04/051304hijacker.htm U.S. Department of Justice May 13, 2004, press release] on the Pan Am Flight 73 criminal case
• Crowell & Moring Pan Am Flight 73 [http://www.crowell.com/PracticeAreas/Page.aspx?id=60&cid=312 civil suit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015172303/http://www.crowell.com/PracticeAreas/Page.aspx?id=60&cid=312 |date=October 15, 2007 }} against Libya, Gaddafi and the five hijackers
• Naqvi, Jawed. "[http://www.dawn.com/news/1116156/this-karachi-nightmare-and-that This Karachi nightmare and that]." Dawn. July 1, 2014.
• For the book by Mike Thexton about his experience on Pan Am Flight 73, 'What happened to the Hippy Man?', see [https://web.archive.org/web/20170420115018/http://www.hippyman.com/ the book's web page]
• [http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?regsearch=N656PA Photos of the airliner at airliners.net]
• "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/5/newsid_4576000/4576765.stm Karachi hijack ends in bloodshed]." bbc.co.uk.
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEIAG1uL8f0 Pan Am Flight 73 September 1986 Karachi ABC News Nightline], September 6, 1986. YouTube video. uploaded December 26, 2017.
• Macneil, Robert, & Lehrer, Lim. "[http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-tx3513vs9n Flight 073: What Happened? What Next?]" The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour. September 5, 1986
• [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35800683 Inside a hijack: The unheard stories of the Pan Am 73 crew]
• [https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/08/world/jet-survivors-say-army-didn-t-help.html Jet Survivors Say Army Didn't Help]

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