Panhellenion
{{Short description|Historic league of Greek city-states}}
The Panhellenion ({{langx|el|Πανελλήνιον}}) or Panhellenium was a league of Greek city-states established in the year 131–132 AD by the Roman Emperor Hadrian while he was touring the Roman provinces of Greece. The League was established following a ceremony at the Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens, the capital city of the Panhellenion. Evidence suggests that the Panhellenion continued to survive until the 250s AD.{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Panhellenion, Attic |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics |url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-4699 |access-date=20 August 2024 |date=7 March 2016 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4699 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5 |last1=Spawforth |first1=Antony|url-access=subscription }}
File:Busts of Hadrianus in Venice cropped.jpg]]
Hadrian was a philhellene and idealized the Classical past of Greece; this was his own, personal attempt to recreate the apparent "unified Greece" of the 5th century BC, when the Greeks took on the Persian enemy.{{cn|date=August 2024}}
The Panhellenion was primarily a religious organization, and most of its deeds were related to self-governance. Admission to the Panhellenion was subject to the scrutiny of a city's Hellenic descent.{{cn|date=August 2024}}
In 137 AD, the Panhellenic Games were held at Athens as part of the ideal of Panhellenism and harking back to the Panathenaic Festival of the fifth century.{{cn|date=August 2024}}
From inscriptions found, member cities included Athens, Megara, Sparta, Chalcis, Argos, Acraephiae, Epidaurus, Amphicleia, Methana, Corinth, Hypata, Demetrias, Rhodes, Thessalonica, Magnesia on the Maeander, Eumeneia, Cyrene, as well the cities of Crete.{{Cite book |last=Boatwright |first=Mary T. |title=Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |page=147}}{{Cite book |last=Oliver |first=James Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/marcusaureliusas0000oliv |title=Marcus Aurelius: Aspects of Civic and Cultural Policy in the East |publisher=American School of Classical Studies at Athens |year=1970 |series=Hesperia |volume=Supplement XIII |location=Princeton, NJ |page=130 |url-access=registration}}
The name was revived by the first governor of modern Greece, Ioannis Kapodistrias, for a short-lived advisory body in 1828.{{cn|date=August 2024}}
References
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Further reading
- {{Cite journal |last=Benjamin |first=Anna S. |date=1963 |title=The Altars of Hadrian in Athens and Hadrian's Panhellenic Program |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/147351 |journal=Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=57–86 |issn=0018-098X |jstor=147351}}
- {{Cite book |last=Boardman |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient05camb |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |last2=Hammond |first2=N. G. L. |last3=Lewis |first3=D. M. |last4=Walbank |first4=F. W. |author-link4=F. W. Walbank |last5=Astin |first5=A. E. |last6=Crook |first6=J. A. |last7=Lintott |first7=Andrew |author-link7=Andrew Lintott |last8=Rawson |first8=Elizabeth |author-link8=Elizabeth Rawson |last9=Bowman |first9=Alan K. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-521-26335-2 |url-access=registration |first10=Edward |last10=Champlin |first11=Averil |last11=Cameron |first12=Peter |last12=Garnsey}}
- {{Cite journal |last=Nasrallah |first=Laura |date=2008 |title=The Acts of the Apostles, Greek Cities, and Hadrian's Panhellenion |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25610139 |journal=Journal of Biblical Literature |volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=533–566 |doi=10.2307/25610139 |issn=0021-9231 |jstor=25610139|url-access=subscription }}
- {{Cite journal |last=Riccardi |first=Lee Ann |date=2007 |title=The Bust-Crown, the Panhellenion, and Eleusis: A New Portrait from the Athenian Agora |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25068025 |journal=Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=365–390 |doi=10.2972/hesp.76.2.365 |issn=0018-098X |jstor=25068025 |s2cid=191590607|url-access=subscription }}
- {{Cite journal |last=Romeo |first=Ilaria |date=2002 |title=The Panhellenion and Ethnic Identity in Hadrianic Greece |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1215544 |journal=Classical Philology |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=21–40 |doi=10.1086/449565 |issn=0009-837X |jstor=1215544 |s2cid=161974097|url-access=subscription }}
- {{Cite journal |last=Spawforth |first=A. J. S. |date=1999 |title=The Panhellenion Again |url=https://publications.dainst.org/journals/chiron/article/view/970 |journal=Chiron |volume=29 |pages=339–352 |doi=10.34780/c661-9c62}}
- {{Cite journal |last=Spawforth |first=A. J. |last2=Walker |first2=Susan |date=1985 |title=The World of the Panhellenion. I. Athens and Eleusis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/300654 |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies |volume=75 |pages=78–104 |doi=10.2307/300654 |issn=0075-4358 |jstor=300654 |s2cid=154814654|url-access=subscription }}
- {{Cite journal |last=Spawforth |first=A. J. |last2=Walker |first2=Susan |date=1986 |title=The World of the Panhellenion: II. Three Dorian Cities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/300367 |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies |volume=76 |pages=88–105 |doi=10.2307/300367 |issn=0075-4358 |jstor=300367 |s2cid=162844591|url-access=subscription }}
- {{Cite journal |last=Wörrle |first=Michael |date=1992 |title=Neue Inschriftenfunde aus Aizanoi I |url=https://publications.dainst.org/journals/chiron/article/view/1109 |journal=Chiron |language=de |volume=22 |pages=337–376 |doi=10.34780/1a9w-zn4e |issn=2510-5396}}
Category:Historical legislatures
Category:Society of ancient Greece
Category:130s establishments in the Roman Empire
Category:Greece under Roman rule
Category:Leagues in Greek Antiquity
Category:Greco-Roman relations in classical antiquity