Panorpida
{{short description|Superorder of insects}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Lepidoptera 001.jpg
| image_caption = Celastrina argiolus
| taxon = Panorpida
| authority =
| subdivision_ranks = Clades
| subdivision =
}}
Panorpida or Mecopterida is a Superorder of Holometabola. The conjectured monophyly of the Panorpida is historically based on morphological evidence, namely the reduction or loss of the ovipositor and several internal characteristics, including a muscle connecting a pleuron and the first axillary sclerite at the base of the wing, various features of the larval maxilla and labium, and basal fusion of CuP and A1 veins in the hind wings.{{cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Niels Peder|title=The phylogeny of hexapod "orders". A critical review of recent accounts |journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research |date=1975 |volume=1 |issue=13 |pages=1–44 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0469.1975.tb00226.x|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Niels Peder |title=Phylogeny of extant hexapods |journal=Insects of Australia |date=1991 |pages=126–140}} The monophyly of the Panorpida is supported by recent molecular data.{{cite book |last1=Grimaldi |first1=David |last2=Engel |first2=Michael, S. |year=2005 |title=Evolution of the Insects |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&dq=Panorpida&pg=PA468 468] |isbn=978-0-521-82149-0}}{{Cite journal |last1=Kjer |first1=Karl M. |last2=Simon |first2=Chris|author2-link=Chris Simon (biologist) |last3=Yavorskaya |first3=Margarita |last4=Beutel |first4=Rolf G. |date=2016 |title=Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics |journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface |volume=13 |issue=121 |page=121 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 |pmid=27558853 |name-list-style=amp |pmc=5014063 }}
{{clade
|label1=Holometabola |sublabel1=(Endopterygota)
|1={{clade
|label1=Hymenopterida
|1=Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees) 70px
|label2=Aparaglossata
|2={{clade
|label1=Neuropteroidea
|1={{clade
|label1=Neuropterida
|1={{clade
|1=Raphidioptera (snakeflies) 70px
|label2=
|2={{clade
|1=Megaloptera (alderflies and allies) 70px
|2=Neuroptera (lacewings and allies) 70px
}}
}}
|label2=Coleopterida
|2={{clade
|1=Coleoptera (beetles) 50px
|2=Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites) 70px
}}
}}
|label2=Panorpida
|2={{clade
|label1=Amphiesmenoptera
|1={{clade
|1=Trichoptera (caddisflies) 70px
|2=Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) 70px
}}
|2=Antliophora
}}
}}
}}
}}
Antliophora
The Panorpid clade Antliophora contains one of the major phylogenetic puzzles among the Insecta. It is unclear as of 2020 whether the Mecoptera (scorpionflies and allies) form a single clade, or whether the Siphonaptera (fleas) are inside that clade, so that the traditional "Mecoptera" is paraphyletic. However the earlier suggestion that the Siphonaptera are sister to the Boreidae (snow scorpionflies){{cite journal |last1=Whiting |first1=Michael F. |author1-link=Michael F. Whiting|last2=Whiting |first2=Alison S. |last3=Hastriter |first3=Michael W. |last4=Dittmar |first4=Katharina |title=A molecular phylogeny of fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera): origins and host associations |journal=Cladistics |date=2008 |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=677–707 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00211.x |citeseerx=10.1.1.731.5211 |s2cid=33808144 }}{{cite journal |last1=Whiting |first1=Michael F. |author1-link=Michael F. Whiting|year=2002 |title=Mecoptera is paraphyletic: multiple genes and phylogeny of Mecoptera and Siphonaptera |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=93–104 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118916123/abstract |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105095659/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118916123/abstract |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-05 |doi=10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00095.x |s2cid=56100681 |url-access=subscription }}{{cite book |last1=Wiegmann |first1=Brian |last2=Yeates |first2=David K. |title=The Evolutionary Biology of Flies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rElP5sNn6IYC&pg=PA5 |year=2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50170-5 |page=5 |quote=Recently, a close affinity between Siphonaptera and Mecoptera has been convincingly demonstrated via morphology (Bilinski et al. 1998) and molecular data (Whiting 2002), rendering Mecoptera paraphyletic, but making the clade including Mecoptera and Siphonaptera monophyletic}} is not supported; instead, there is the possibility that they are sister to another Mecopteran family, the Nannochoristidae of the Southern hemisphere. The two possible trees are shown below:{{cite bioRxiv |last1=Meusemann |first1=Karen |last2=Trautwein |first2=Michelle |last3=Friedrich |first3=Frank |last4=Beutel |first4=Rolf G. |last5=Wiegmann |first5=Brian M. |last6=Donath |first6=Alexander |last7=Podsiadlowski |first7=Lars |last8=Petersen |first8=Malte |last9=Niehuis |first9=Oliver |last10=Mayer |first10=Christoph |last11=Bayless |first11=Keith M. |last12=Shin |first12=Seunggwan |last13=Liu |first13=Shanlin |last14=Hlinka |first14=Ondrej |last15=Minh |first15=Bui Quang |last16=Kozlov |first16=Alexey |last17=Morel |first17=Benoit |last18=Peters |first18=Ralph S. |last19=Bartel |first19=Daniela |last20=Grove |first20=Simon |last21=Zhou |first21=Xin |last22=Misof |first22=Bernhard |last23=Yeates |first23=David K.|display-authors=5 |title=Are Fleas Highly Modified Mecoptera? Phylogenomic Resolution of Antliophora (Insecta: Holometabola) |year=2020 |biorxiv=10.1101/2020.11.19.390666}}
(a) Mecoptera is paraphyletic, containing Siphonaptera:
{{clade
|label1=Antliophora
|1={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=Pistillifera (scorpionflies, hangingflies, 400 spp.) 90px
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Nannochoristidae (southern scorpionflies, 8 spp.)
|2=Siphonaptera (fleas, 2500 spp.) 50px
}}
|2=Boreidae (snow scorpionflies, 30 spp.) 85px
}}
}}
}}
}}
(b) Mecoptera is monophyletic, sister to Siphonaptera
{{clade
|label1=Antliophora
|1={{clade
|2={{clade
|label1=Mecoptera
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Pistillifera (scorpionflies, hangingflies, 400 spp.) 90px
|2=Boreidae (snow scorpionflies, 30 spp.) 85px
}}
|2=Nannochoristidae (southern scorpionflies, 8 spp.)
}}
|2=Siphonaptera (fleas, 2500 spp.) 50px
}}
}}
}}
References
{{reflist}}
Further reading
{{Wikispecies|Panorpida}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Minet|first1=J.|last2=Huang|first2=D-T.|last3=Wu|first3=H.|last4=Nel|first4=A.|year=2010|title=Early Mecopterida and the systematic position of the Microptysmatidae (Insecta: Endopterygota)|journal=Annales de la Société entomologique de France|series=(N.S.)|volume=46|pages=262–270|doi=10.1080/00379271.2010.10697667|doi-access=free}}
{{Orders of Insects}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q16987281}}