Panosteitis
{{Short description|Bone condition in dogs}}
Panosteitis, sometimes shortened to pano among breeders,{{cite web | url=http://leerburg.com/pdf/pano.pdf | title=Panosteitis or PANO | publisher=Leerberg Enterprises | accessdate=2013-06-24 | author=Frawley, Ed | page=3}} is an occasionally seen long bone condition in large breed dogs. It manifests with sudden, unexplained pain and lameness that may shift from leg to leg, usually between 5 and 14 months of age, earning the nickname "growing pains. "{{cite book|author1=Ettinger, Stephen J. |author2=Feldman, Edward C. |title=Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine|edition=4th|publisher=W.B. Saunders Company|year=1995|isbn=0-7216-6795-3}} Signs such as fever, weight loss, anorexia, and lethargy can also be seen. The cause is unknown, but genetics, stress, infection, metabolism, or an autoimmune component may be factors.{{cite web | title = Panosteitis | work = The Merck Veterinary Manual | year = 2006 | url = http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/91506.htm | accessdate = 2007-01-01 }} It has also been suggested that rapid growth and high-protein food are involved in the pathogenesis.{{cite journal |vauthors=Schawalder P, Andres HU, Jutzi K, Stoupis C, Bösch C |title=Canine panosteitis: an idiopathic bone disease investigated in the light of a new hypothesis concerning pathogenesis. Part 1: Clinical and diagnostic aspects|journal=Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd|volume=144 |issue=3 |pages=115–30|year=2002|pmid=11980379}} Whole blood analysis may show an elevated white blood cell count; this finding lends support to the theory that panosteitis is due to an infection.Brooks, W. (2017, September 15). Panosteitis: Growing Pains in Dogs - Veterinary Partner. Retrieved March 19, 2019 from
https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&id=4953019
Panosteitis is characterized histologically by an increase in activity of osteoblasts and fibroblasts in the periosteum, endosteum and bone marrow, resulting in fibrosis and the formation of connective tissue in the medullary cavity of the affected bone. Pain may be caused by increased pressure in the medullary cavity and the stimulation of pain receptors in the periosteum.{{cite journal |vauthors=Demko J, McLaughlin R |title=Developmental orthopaedic disease |journal=Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1111–35, v |year=2005 |pmid=16129135 |doi=10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.05.002}}
The humerus is most commonly affected.{{cite journal |vauthors=Baird H, Kerwin S, Henry G, Porterpan B, Johnson M |title=What is your diagnosis? Panosteitis |journal=J Am Vet Med Assoc |volume=226 |issue=6 |pages=871–2 |year=2005 |pmid=15786986 |doi=10.2460/javma.2005.226.871|doi-access=free }} Males are more commonly affected than females.{{cite web|author1=Biery, D.N. |author2=Lenehan, T.M. |author3=Van Sickle, D.C. |year=1985|title=Canine Panosteitis|work=Textbook of Small Animal Orthopaedics| url=http://www.ivis.org/special_books/ortho/chapter_49/49mast.asp|accessdate=2006-08-19}}
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is often a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning that other possible causes of lameness have been ruled out, such as hypertrophic osteodystrophy and osteochondrosis dissecans. History, signalment, and clinical signs can help a veterinarian form a presumptive diagnosis. On physical exam, the dog may display signs of pain on palpation of the long bones of the limbs. X-rays may show an increased density in the medullary cavity of the affected bones, often near the nutrient foramen (where the blood vessels enter the bone). This evidence may not be present for up to ten days after lameness begins.{{cite journal | last = Wehrenberg | first = Aaron |author2=Elkins, A.D. | title = Juvenile Orthopedics | journal = Veterinary Forum | volume = 23 | issue = 9 | pages = 22–28 | publisher = Veterinary Learning Systems | date = Sep 2006 }}
Treatment
Treatment consists of alleviating the pain and inflammation so that the dog is comfortable. This is achieved with the use of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs, like carprofen. Steroids may be given in more severe cases to reduce inflammation. It is also recommended to limit physical activity during treatment to prevent exacerbating the condition with high impacts.Johnson, A. (2014). Small Animal Pathology for Veterinarian Technicians. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. Lameness usually goes away after days to weeks without additional treatment. Recurrences up to the age of two years may occur. Larger breeds, such as German Shepherd Dogs, Golden Retrievers, Basset Hounds, Dobermanns, Labrador Retrievers, and Rottweilers, are more prone to this problem.{{cite web | title = Panosteitis | work = Canine Inherited Disorders Database | publisher = University of Prince Edward Island | year = 1998 | url = http://www.upei.ca/cidd/Diseases/musculoskeletal/panosteitis.htm | accessdate = 2007-01-01 }} There has been one suspected case of panosteitis in a fast-growing six-month-old camel with a shifting leg lameness.{{cite journal |vauthors=Levine DG, Smith JJ, Richardson DW, etal |title=Suspected panosteitis in a camel |journal=J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. |volume=231 |issue=3 |pages=437–41 |year=2007 |pmid=17669048 |doi=10.2460/javma.231.3.437|doi-access=free }}
Panosteitis is also referred to as eosinophilic panosteitis, enostosis, endosteal proliferation of new bone, and eopan.
See also
References
{{reflist|30em}}
External links
- https://web.archive.org/web/20051203154607/http://www.critterchat.net/pano.htm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20170629224444/http://www.vetsurgerycentral.com/panosteitis.htm