Paper spray ionization

Paper spray ionization is a technique used in mass spectrometry to produce ions from a sample to be analyzed. It is a variant of electrospray ionization.{{Cite journal|last1=Meher|first1=Anil Kumar|last2=Chen|first2=Yu-Chie|date=2017|title=Electrospray Modifications for Advancing Mass Spectrometric Analysis|journal=Mass Spectrometry|volume=6|issue=Spec Iss|pages=S0057 |doi=10.5702/massspectrometry.S0057|pmc=5448333|pmid=28573082}} The sample (for instance a few microlitres of blood or urine) is applied to a piece of paper and solvent is added. Then a high voltage is applied, which creates the ions to be analyzed with a mass spectrometer. The method, first described in 2010,{{Cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Jiangjiang|last2=Wang|first2=He|last3=Manicke|first3=Nicholas E.|last4=Lin|first4=Jin-Ming|last5=Cooks|first5=R. Graham|last6=Ouyang|first6=Zheng|date=2010-03-15|title=Development, characterization, and application of paper spray ionization|journal=Analytical Chemistry|volume=82|issue=6|pages=2463–2471|doi=10.1021/ac902854g|pmid=20158226}} is relatively easy to use and can detect and measure the presence of various substances in the sample. This technique shows great potential for point-of-care clinical applications, in that important tests may be run and results obtained within a reasonable amount of time in proximity to the patient in a single visit.{{Cite journal|last1=Damon|first1=Deidre E.|last2=Davis|first2=Kathryn M.|last3=Moreira|first3=Camila R.|last4=Capone|first4=Patricia|last5=Cruttenden|first5=Riley|last6=Badu-Tawiah|first6=Abraham K.|date=2016-02-02|title=Direct Biofluid Analysis Using Hydrophobic Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04278|journal=Analytical Chemistry|language=en|volume=88|issue=3|pages=1878–1884|doi=10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04278|pmid=26730614 |issn=0003-2700|url-access=subscription}} In 2017 it was reported that a test based on paper spray ionization mass spectrometry can detect cocaine use from a subject's fingerprint.{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertglatter/2017/09/23/new-fingerprint-test-can-detect-cocaine-use-in-seconds/#1934b55c1f22|title=New Fingerprint Test Can Detect Cocaine Use In Seconds|last=Glatter|first=Robert|date=September 23, 2017|work=Forbes|language=en}} It was also used to detect pesticides from the surfaces of fruits.{{cite journal | last1 = Soparwalla | first1 = Santosh | last2 = Tadjimukhamedov | first2 = Fatkhulla K. | last3 = Wiley | first3 = Joshua S. | last4 = Ouyang | first4 = Zheng | last5 = Cooks | first5 = R. Graham | year = 2011 | title = In situ analysis of agrochemical residues on fruit using ambient ionization on a handheld mass spectrometer | journal = Analyst | volume = 136 | issue = 21| pages = 4392–4396 | doi = 10.1039/C1AN15493A | pmid = 21892448 }}

More recently, an advanced form of Paper Spray, termed Paper Arrow, was developed. This universal approach seamlessly hyphenates Paper Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, facilitated by on-paper ionization without requiring visual indicators. The entire process of Paper Arrow was shown to be simple and fast, requiring only 2 μL of raw biological sample. Its analytical performance is in accordance with stringent clinical guidelines, and it demonstrated superior figures of merit compared to LC-MS.{{cite journal | last1 = Zhou | first1 = Yufeng | last2 = Sham | first2 = Tung-Ting | last3 = Boisdon | first3 = Cedric | last4 = Smith | first4 = Barry | last5 = Blair | first5 = Joanne | last6 = Hawcutt | first6 = Daniel | last7 = Maher | first7 = Simon | year = 2024 | title = Emergency diagnosis made easy: matrix removal and analyte enrichment from raw saliva using paper-arrow mass spectrometry | journal = Analyst | volume = 148 | issue = 21| pages = 5366–5379 | doi = 10.1039/D3AN00850A | doi-access = free }} Paper Arrow is one of the few ambient ionization sources that has been clinically validated. In a study with 17 volunteers, blood and saliva samples were collected before and at 15, 30, 60 and 240 min after ingesting 1 g of paracetamol. Detection from stimulated saliva and plasma with PA-MS provided a reliable result that can aid in making timely treatment decisions. Moreover, participants’ views of blood and saliva sampling procedures were assessed qualitatively, showing a preference for non-invasive sampling.{{cite journal | last1 = Zhou | first1 = Yufeng | last2 = Dliso | first2 = Silothabo | last3 = Craske | first3 = Jennie | last4 = Bracken | first4 = Louise | last5 = Landa | first5 = Kiran | last6 = Arnold | first6 = Philip | last7 = Walker | first7 = Laura | last8 = Grasin | first8 = Ionela | last9 = Seddon | first9 = Gabrielle | last10 = Chen | first10 = Tao | last11 = Davison | first11 = Andrew | last12 = Sham | first12 = Tung-Ting | last13 = Smith | first13 = Barry | last14 = Hawcutt | first14 = Daniel | last15 = Maher | first15 = Simon | year = 2024 | title = Rapid and non-invasive analysis of paracetamol overdose using paper arrow-mass spectrometry: a prospective observational study | journal = BMC Medicine | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 553 | doi = 10.1186/s12916-024-03776-3 | doi-access = free | pmc = 11590362 }}

References

Category:Ion source