Parasitic disease

Although organisms such as bacteria function as parasites, the usage of the term "parasitic disease" is usually more restricted. The three main types of organisms causing these conditions are protozoa (causing protozoan infection), helminths (helminthiasis), and ectoparasites.{{cite web |date=2020-01-28 |title=About Parasites | CDC DPD |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/aboutparasites.htm}} Protozoa and helminths are usually endoparasites (usually living inside the body of the host), while ectoparasites usually live on the surface of the host. Protozoa are single-celled, microscopic organisms that belong to the kingdom Protista. Helminths on the other hand are macroscopic, multicellular organisms that belong to the kingdom Animalia. Protozoans obtain their required nutrients through pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Helminths of class Cestoidea and Trematoda absorb nutrients, whereas nematodes obtain needed nourishment through ingestion. Occasionally the definition of "parasitic disease" is restricted to diseases due to endoparasites.{{cite web |title=Intestinal Protozoal Diseases: eMedicine Pediatrics: General Medicine |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/999282-overview |access-date=2010-04-25}}

Some parasitic diseases can occur in either an acute or chronic form. The acute form is characterized by quicker and often more severe onset of symptoms. The chronic form is typically less severe but is life-long. Some parasites that cause chronic and acute manifestations in their respective diseases are:

• Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (acute) / Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (chronic)
• Trypanosoma cruzi  
• Clonorchis sinensis
• Paragonimus westermani

{{See also|List of human parasitic diseases}}

Mammals can get parasites from contaminated food or water, bug bites, sexual contact,{{cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parasiticdiseases.html| title=Parasitic Diseases|access-date= 2010-07-07}} or contact with animals.

Some ways in which people may acquire parasitic infections are walking barefoot, inadequate disposal of feces, lack of hygiene, close contact with someone carrying specific parasites, and eating undercooked foods, unwashed fruits and vegetables or foods from contaminated regions.{{cn|date=June 2021}} It is important to note that only at specific stages in a parasites life is it infectious.{{Cite web |last=USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture |date=March 28, 2025 |title=Parasites and Foodborne Illness |url=https://www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/foodborne-illness-and-disease/illnesses-and-pathogens/parasites-and-foodborne-illness-0 |access-date=April 18, 2025 |website=USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture}} Contact with non-infective stages will not lead to infection.

Many parasites utilize vectors to infect hosts.{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title=Vector-borne diseases {{!}} EFSA |url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/vector-borne-diseases#:~:text=A%20vector%20A%20carrier%20of,viruses)%20that%20transmits%20an%20infectious |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.efsa.europa.eu |language=en}} Vectors are vessels for the parasite, and help the parasite infect its next host. Some examples of parasitic diseases that use vectors are malaria, Lyme disease, and leishmaniasis.

Many parasitic diseases are concentrated in specific areas of the globe. Majority of these diseases are prevalent along the equator due to the warm temperatures.^{[citation needed]} Therefore, people located in these areas are at greater risk of contracting the disease causing parasites.

Parasitic diseases are far more common among marginalized groups.{{Cite journal |last1=Hesham Al-Mekhlafi |first1=M. |last2=Surin |first2=Johari |last3=Atiya |first3=A. S. |last4=Ariffin |first4=W. A. |last5=Mohammed Mahdy |first5=A. K. |last6=Che Abdullah |first6=H. |date=2008-08-01 |title=Pattern and predictors of soil-transmitted helminth reinfection among aboriginal schoolchildren in rural Peninsular Malaysia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001706X0800168X |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=200–204 |doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.05.022 |pmid=18582430 |issn=0001-706X}} Lack of indoor bathrooms and access to clean drinking water are only some of the risk factors faced.{{Cite journal |last1=Karan |first1=Abraar |last2=Chapman |first2=Gretchen B. |last3=Galvani |first3=Alison |date=2012 |title=The influence of poverty and culture on the transmission of parasitic infections in rural nicaraguan villages |journal=Journal of Parasitology Research |volume=2012 |pages=478292 |doi=10.1155/2012/478292 |doi-access=free |issn=2090-0031 |pmc=3426246 |pmid=22934154}}  Additionally, in the United States being Hispanic or African-American have shown to be risk factors for specific parasitic diseases.{{Cite journal |last=Hotez |first=Peter J. |date=September 2014 |title=Neglected parasitic infections and poverty in the United States |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=e3012 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003012 |doi-access=free |issn=1935-2735 |pmc=4154650 |pmid=25188455}}

Parasitic diseases can manifest in many different symptoms, with some being asymptomatic. Many of the symptoms of parasitic diseases are common among other ailments, such as food poisoning or the flu. This can cause correct diagnoses to take a while. The target organ(s) of the parasite typically dictates the symptoms experienced:

• Fever
• Ulcers/lesions
• Death
• Headache
• Malaise
• Anemia
• Muscle Pain

• Dysentery
• Constipation
• Abdominal pain
• Vomiting
• Nausea
• Bloating
• Anorexia

• Cough
• Blood in sputum
• Lesions

• Local inflammation
• Local dermatitis
• Hives
• Itching
• Rash

Different parasitic diseases require different diagnostic methods because different parasites have different diagnostic stages. Testing routes will often be determined by symptoms.

• Stool Test
• Blood Test
• Colonoscopy/Endoscopy
• X-ray/MRI/ CT Scan

Parasitic infections can usually be treated with antiparasitic drugs.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The use of viruses to treat infections caused by protozoa has been proposed.{{Cite journal | last1 = Keen | first1 = E. C. | title = Beyond phage therapy: Virotherapy of protozoal diseases | doi = 10.2217/FMB.13.48 | journal = Future Microbiology | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | pages = 821–823 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23841627}}{{Cite journal | last1 = Hyman | first1 = P. | last2 = Atterbury | first2 = R. | last3 = Barrow | first3 = P. | doi = 10.1016/j.tim.2013.02.006 | title = Fleas and smaller fleas: Virotherapy for parasite infections | journal = Trends in Microbiology | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 215–220 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23540830}}

• Protozoan infection
• Babesiosis
• Giardiasis

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{{Amoebozoa diseases}}

{{Excavata diseases}}

{{Chromalveolate diseases}}

{{Helminthiases}}

{{Pediculosis, acariasis and other infestations}}

{{Disease groups}}

{{Authority control}}

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