Paraspecies

{{Short description|Species with co-existing daughter species}}

A paraspecies (a paraphyletic species) is a species, living or fossil, that gave rise to one or more daughter species without itself becoming extinct.{{cite book|author1=James S. Albert|author2=Roberto E. Reis|title=Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Suu7a-ERdMC&q=paraspecies&pg=PA308|access-date=28 June 2011|date=8 March 2011|publisher=University of California Press|page=308|isbn=9780520268685}} Geographically widespread species that have given rise to one or more daughter species as peripheral isolates without themselves becoming extinct (i.e. through peripatric speciation) are examples of paraspecies.Ackery, P. R., and R. I. Vane-Wright. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies: Their Cladistics and Biology. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. 425 pp.

Paraspecies are expected from evolutionary theory (Crisp and Chandler, 1996), and are empirical realities in many terrestrial and aquatic taxa.Patton, J. L., and M. F. Smith. 1989. Population structure and the genetic and morphologic divergence among pocket gopher species (Genus Thomomys). Pp. 284-304 in: Speciation and its Consequences (D. Otte and J. A. Endler, eds.). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.Bell, M. A., and S. A. Foster. 1994. The Evolutionary Biology of the Threespine Stickleback. Oxford University Press, Oxford.{{cite journal | last1 = Crisp | first1 = M. D. | last2 = Chandler | first2 = G. T. | year = 1996 | title = Paraphyletic species | journal = Telopea | volume = 6 | issue = 4| pages = 813–844 | doi=10.7751/telopea19963037| doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | last1 = Funk | first1 = D. J. | last2 = Omland | first2 = K. E. | year = 2003 | title = Species-level paraphyly and polyphyly: Frequency, causes, and consequences, with insights from animal mitochondrial DNA | journal = Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics | volume = 34 | pages = 397–423 | doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132421}}{{cite journal |last1=Albert |first1=J. S. |last2=Crampton |first2=W. G. R. |last3=Thorsen |first3=D. H. |last4=Lovejoy |first4=N. R. |title=Phylogenetic systematics and historical biogeography of the Neotropical electric fish Gymnotus (Teleostei: Gymnotidae) |journal=Systematics and Biodiversity |date=April 2005 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=375–417 |doi=10.1017/s1477200004001574 |bibcode=2005SyBio...2..375A |s2cid=86550943 }}{{cite web | url=http://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/~jxa4003/Publications.html | title=Publications }}{{cite journal | last1 = Turner | first1 = T. F. | last2 = McPhee | first2 = M. V. | last3 = Campbell | first3 = P. | last4 = Winemiller | first4 = K. O. | year = 2004 | title = Phylogeography and intraspecific genetic variation of prochilodontid fishes endemic to rivers of northern South America | journal = Journal of Fish Biology | volume = 64 | issue = 1 | pages = 186–201 | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00299.x| bibcode = 2004JFBio..64..186T }}{{cite journal | last1 = Hoskin | first1 = C. J. | year = 2007 | title = Description, biology and conservation of a new species of Australian tree frog (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae: Litoria) and an assessment of the remaining populations of Litoria genimaculata Horst, 1883: systematic and conservation implications of an unusual speciation event | journal = Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 91 | issue = 4| pages = 549–563 | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00805.x| doi-access = free | hdl = 1885/37997 | hdl-access = free }}{{cite journal | last1 = Feinstein | first1 = J | year = 2008 | title = Molecular systematics and historical biogeography of the Black-browed Barbet species complex (Megalaima oorti) | journal = Ibis | volume = 150 | pages = 40–49 | doi=10.1111/j.1474-919x.2007.00732.x}}{{cite journal | last1 = Lozier | first1 = J. D. | last2 = Foottit | first2 = R. | last3 = Miller | first3 = G. | last4 = Mills | first4 = N. | last5 = Roderick | first5 = G. | year = 2008 | title = Molecular and morphological evaluation of the aphid genus Hyalopterus Koch (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae), with a description of a new species | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 1688 | pages = 1–19 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.1688.1.1 | doi-access = free }}