Parechovirus

Eighteen types of human parechovirus have been identified: human parechovirus 1 (HPeV1, formerly echovirus 22), human parechovirus 2 (formerly echovirus 23), and HPeV3 to HPeV18.{{cite journal |vauthors=Ito M, Yamashita T, Tsuzuki H, Takeda N, Sakae K | title = Isolation and identification of a novel human parechovirus | journal = J. Gen. Virol. | volume = 85 | issue = 2 | pages = 391–398 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14769896 | doi = 10.1099/vir.0.19456-0| doi-access = free }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Sunaidi M, Williams CH, Hughes PJ, Schnurr DP, Stanway G | title = Analysis of a new human parechovirus allows the definition of parechovirus types and the identification of RNA structural domains | journal = J. Virol. | volume = 81 | issue = 2 | pages = 1013–21 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17005640 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.00584-06 | pmc = 1797470}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Watanabe K, Oie M, Higuchi M, Nishikawa M, Fujii M | date = June 2007 | title = Isolation and characterization of novel human parechovirus from clinical samples | journal = Emerg Infect Dis | volume = 13 | issue = 6| pages = 889–95 | doi=10.3201/eid1306.060896| pmid = 17553229 | pmc = 2792847 }}{{cite web|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy|title=Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release|website=talk.ictvonline.org|publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|access-date=7 May 2020}} A total of 15 genotypes are currently recognised.Chieochansin T, Vichiwattana P, Korkong S, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y (2011) Molecular epidemiology, genome characterization, and recombination event of human parechovirus. Virology

The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the common name of the species:{{cite web |title=Species List: Picornaviridae |url=https://ictv.global/report/chapter/picornaviridae/taxonomy/picornaviridae |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=23 April 2025}}

• Parechovirus ahumpari, Human parechovirus
• Parechovirus beljungani, Ljungan virus
• Parechovirus cebokele, Sebokele virus
• Parechovirus deferreti, Ferret parechovirus
• Parechovirus efalco, Falcon parechovirus
• Parechovirus feterobo, Gecko parechovirus

Parechoviruses are non-enveloped, with icosahedral, spherical, and round geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 7.3kb in length.{{cite journal|last1=Shakeel|first1=Shabih|last2=Westerhuis|first2=Brenda M.|last3=Ora|first3=Ari|last4=Koen|first4=Gerrit|last5=Bakker|first5=Arjen Q.|last6=Claassen|first6=Yvonne|last7=Wagner|first7=Koen|last8=Beaumont|first8=Tim|last9=Wolthers|first9=Katja C.|last10=Butcher|first10=Sarah J.|title=Structural Basis of Human Parechovirus Neutralization by Human Monoclonal Antibodies|journal=Journal of Virology|date=2015|volume=89|issue=18|pages=9571–9580|doi=10.1128/JVI.01429-15|pmid=26157123|pmc=4542383}}

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and viroporins.{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/657.html|publisher=ExPASy|access-date=15 June 2015}}

Human parechoviruses cause mild, gastrointestinal or respiratory illness, but have been implicated in cases of myocarditis and encephalitis. Human parechoviruses are commonly spread and more than 95% of human cases are infected early in life, within two to five years of age.{{cite journal |vauthors=Stanway G, Joki-Korpela P, Hyypiä T | title = Human parechoviruses--biology and clinical significance | journal = Rev. Med. Virol. | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–69 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10654005 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1654(200001/02)10:1<57::AID-RMV266>3.0.CO;2-H| s2cid = 1284023 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Joki-Korpela P, Hyypiä T | title = Parechoviruses, a novel group of human picornaviruses | journal = Ann. Med. | volume = 33 | issue = 7 | pages = 466–71 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11680794 | doi = 10.3109/07853890109002095| s2cid = 37499760 }} Ljungan virus has been proposed as a zoonotic virus, associated with diabetes and intrauterine fetal death in humans.{{cite journal |vauthors=Niklasson B, Samsioe A, Papadogiannakis N, Kawecki A, Hörnfeldt B, Saade GR, Klitz W | title = Association of zoonotic Ljungan virus with intrauterine fetal deaths | journal = Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology | volume = 79 | issue = 6 | pages = 488–93 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17335057 | doi = 10.1002/bdra.20359}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Niklasson B, Heller KE, Schonecker B, Bildsoe M, Daniels T, Hampe CS, Widlund P, Simonson WT, Schaefer JB, Rutledge E, Bekris L, Lindberg AM, Johansson S, Örtqvist E, Persson B, Lernmark Å | title = Development of type 1 diabetes in wild bank voles associated with islet autoantibodies and the novel ljungan virus | journal = Int. J. Exp. Diabesity. Res. | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–44 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12745669 | doi = 10.1080/15438600303733 | pmc = 2480497}} However, the data regarding these features are currently limited and need to be confirmed. Parechovirus is a Biosafety Level 2 organism.{{cite web |title=Zeptometrix Web Resources|url=https://web-resources.zeptometrix.com/documents/public/PI/PI0810146CF.pdf?form=MG0AV3}}

The first parechoviruses (E22 and E23) were isolated in 1956, and recognized as a new genus in 1996.{{cite journal | url=http://jvi.asm.org/content/73/7/5249 | title=Parechoviruses. | author=Stanway, G. | author2=Hyypiä, T. | name-list-style=amp | journal=Journal of Virology | year=1999 | volume=73 | issue=7 | pages=5249–5254| doi=10.1128/JVI.73.7.5249-5254.1999 | pmid=10364270 | pmc=112579 }}{{cite journal | title=Virus Taxonomy 1996 | author=Pringle, C.R. | journal=Archives of Virology | year=1996 | volume=141 | issue=11 | pages=2251–2256 | doi=10.1007/BF01718231 | pmid=8992952| pmc=7086844 }} Ljungan virus was first isolated from bank voles (Myodes glareolus, formerly Clethrionomys glareolus) in the mid-1990s.{{cite journal |vauthors=Niklasson B, Kinnunen L, Hörnfeldt B, Hörling J, Benemar C, Hedlund KO, Matskova L, Hyypiä T, Winberg G | title = A new picornavirus isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) | journal = Virology | volume = 255 | issue = 1 | pages = 86–93 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10049824 | doi = 10.1006/viro.1998.9557| doi-access = free }} Human parechovirus type 3 (HPeV3) was found in at least 20 U.S. young infants in 2014. Those numbers include a set of identical triplets from central Wisconsin, who contracted the virus and were diagnosed nearly two months later after a flurry of tests, as this was the first known case in those health systems.{{Cite web|title = Parechovirus.com|url = http://www.parechovirus.com|website = Parechovirus Research|access-date = 2016-01-15}} The 2014 outbreak is a higher number than expected, and is thought to be linked to maternal-fetal transmission.{{cite news|title=Viral meningitis in Kansas City-area babies probed|url=http://www.ksl.com/?nid=157&sid=31117950&title=viral-meningitis-in-kansas-city-area-babies-probed|agency=The Associated Press|publisher=The Kansas City Star|date=August 13, 2014}}

{{Reflist|2}}

• [http://www.pdbe.org/emsearch/parecho*%20AND%20comp_type:virus 3D macromolecular structures of Parechoviruses from the EM Data Bank(EMDB)]

{{Baltimore classification}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4346377}}

Category:Picornaviridae

Category:Virus genera