Parthenocissus inserta
{{Short description|Species of vine}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Parthenocissus inserta leaves.jpg
|genus = Parthenocissus
|species = inserta
|authority = (A.Kern.) Fritsch
|synonyms =
{{Species list
|Ampelopsis quinquefolia var. vitacea|Knerr
|Parthenocissus vitacea|(Knerr) Hitchc.
|Psedera vitacea|(Knerr) Greene
|Vitis inserta|A.Kern.
|Vitis vitacea|(Knerr) Bean
}}
}}
Parthenocissus inserta (syn. Parthenocissus vitacea), also known as thicket creeper, false Virginia creeper, woodbine, or grape woodbine, is a woody vine native to North America. Contact with it may cause dermatitis.
Description
Parthenocissus inserta is a climbing and sprawling woody vine (liana), reaching lengths of {{Convert|20|m}}, using small branched tendrils with twining tips.{{cite web |title=Parthenocissus inserta (Woodbine) |last1=Chayka |first1=Katy |last2=Dziuk |first2=Peter|url=https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/woodbine |website=minnesotawildflowers.info |publisher=MinnesotaWildflowers |accessdate=2018-10-18}} The leaves are palmately compound, composed of five leaflets, each leaflet reaching {{Convert|13|cm|frac=4}} in length and 7 cm broad. The leaflets have a coarsely toothed margin.
The flowers are small and greenish, produced in clusters in late spring, and mature in late summer or early fall into small blue-black berries. The berries are up to {{Convert|1.5|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} wide and palatable.{{Cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLbAAwAAQBAJ |title=Trees & Shrubs of the Pacific Northwest |last2=Kuhlmann |first2=Ellen |date=2014 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-1-60469-263-1 |edition=1st |location=Portland, OR |pages=409}} They contain oxalates.{{Calflora|Parthenocissus inserta|link=http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=12998}}
= Similar species =
Parthenocissus inserta is closely related to and commonly confused with Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper).{{cite web |title=Parthenocissus inserta: Similar Species |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/181927-Parthenocissus-inserta#similar-tab |website=iNaturalist.org |publisher=iNaturalist |accessdate=2018-10-18}} They differ in their means of climbing, with the tendrils twining around plant stems in P. inserta lacking the round, adhesive discs found on the tendril tips of P. quinquefolia, though the ends may be club-shaped when inserted into a crevice.{{Michigan Flora|genus=Parthenocissus|accessdate=2018-10-18}} One consequence of this is that (unlike P. quinquefolia) it cannot climb smooth walls, only through shrubs and trees. In addition, the leaflets of P. inserta are shiny when young and only slightly pale below, while those of P. quinquefolia are dull above and pale green, whitened, or glaucous below. P. inserta flowerhead branching is dichotomous or trichotomous, with branches of equal thickness, while P. quinquefolia branches unequally, with a definite central axis. The berries of P. inserta are larger, {{Convert|8–12|mm|frac=8}} in diameter, versus 5–8 mm broad in P. quinquefolia.{{eFloras|1|124105|volume=12|Parthenocissus|last1=Moore|first1=Michael O.|last2=Wen|first2=Jun|accessdate=2018-10-18}} The petiolules of mature P. inserta leaflets are typically {{Convert|5–30|mm|abbr=on|frac=8}} long, versus sessile or up to 10 mm in P. quinquefolia.{{cite web |title=Dichotomous Key: Parthenocissus |url=https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/dkey/parthenocissus/#all |website=gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org |publisher=New England Wild Flower Society |accessdate=2018-10-18}}
Taxonomy
Parthenocissus inserta was first described in 1887 by Anton Kerner, as Vitis inserta. It was transferred to Parthenocissus by Karl Fritsch in 1922.{{citation |title=Plant Name Details for Parthenocissus inserta (A.Kern.) Fritsch |work=The International Plant Names Index |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=184082-2 |accessdate=2018-10-18 }} Separately, in 1893, Ellsworth Brownell Knerr described it as the variety vitacea of Ampelopsis quinquefolia (a synonym of Parthenocissus quinquefolia). Albert Spear Hitchcock raised the variety to the full species Parthenocissus vitacea in 1894.{{citation |title=Plant Name Details for Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) Hitchc. |work=The International Plant Names Index |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=184109-2 |accessdate=2018-10-18 }} Kerner's epithet inserta has priority over Knerr's vitacea, so the correct name is Parthenocissus inserta.
Distribution and habitat
It can be found in southeastern Canada (west to southern Manitoba) and a large area of the United States, from Maine west to Montana and south to New Jersey and Missouri in the east, and Texas to Arizona in the west. It is present in California, but it may be an introduced species that far west.[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7862,7863,7864 Jepson Manual Treatment] It is introduced in Europe.
Ecology
The flowers of thicket creeper are frequently visited by Mordella marginata, a tumbling flower beetle.{{cite book |last1=Wilhelm |first1=Gerould |last2=Rericha |first2=Laura |date=2017 |title=Flora of the Chicago Region: A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis |publisher=Indiana Academy of Sciences}} Several bee species have been observed collecting pollen from the flowers, including the sweat bees Augochlora pura, Lasioglossum subviridatum, and Lasioglossum zephyrus. The fruits are eaten by birds.{{cite magazine|last=Carpenter|first=Anita|title=The vine that twines|url=https://dnr.wi.gov/wnrmag/html/stories/2001/oct01/vine.htm|date=October 2001|access-date=2018-10-19|magazine=Wisconsin Natural Resources Magazine|publisher=Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822172509/https://dnr.wi.gov/wnrmag/html/stories/2001/oct01/vine.htm|archive-date=2010-08-22|url-status=dead}}
Parthenocissus inserta, Jan Celliers Park.jpg|Leaves and tendrils
Thicket creeper (48768910012).jpg|Flowers
ParthenocissusVitacea.jpg|Detail of berries
Health concerns
The plant may cause dermatitis.
References
External links
- [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Parthenocissus+vitacea Photo gallery]
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q18200021|from2=Q159489|from3=Q40057226}}
Category:Flora of the Western United States
Category:Flora of the Northeastern United States
Category:Flora of Eastern Canada
Category:Flora of the United States