Passiflora foetida

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Passiflora foetida (common names: stinking passionflower, wild maracuja, bush passion fruit, wild water lemon,{{GRIN |access-date=2010-01-06}} stoneflower, love-in-a-mist, or running pop) is a species of passion flower that is native to the southwestern United States (southern Texas and Arizona), Mexico,Passion flower native from Mexico. (2022, February 6). abcFlora. Retrieved February 6, 2023, from https://abcflora.com/pages/flowers-mexico the Caribbean, Central America, and much of South America. It has been introduced to tropical regions around the world, such as Southeast Asia, South Asia, Hawaii, Africa, and The Maldives.[http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumerinformation/nuttab2006/onlineversionintroduction/onlineversion.cfm?&action=getFood&foodID=15A10344 Food Standards: Passiflora foetida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110330124352/http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumerinformation/nuttab2006/onlineversionintroduction/onlineversion.cfm?&action=getFood&foodID=15A10344 |date=2011-03-30 }} It is a creeping vine like other members of the genus, and yields an edible fruit.{{cite web |url=http://www.invasivespecies.net/database/species/ecology.asp?si=341&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN |title=Passiflora foetida (vine, climber) |work=Global Invasive Species Database |publisher=Invasive Species Specialist Group |date=2006-03-23 |access-date=2010-01-07}} The specific epithet, foetida, means "stinking" in Latin and refers to the strong aroma emitted by damaged foliage.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8xJE2NfQpIC |title=Poisonous Plants and Animals of Florida and the Caribbean |first=David W. |last=Nellis |publisher=Pineapple Press Inc |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-56164-111-6 |page=224}}

This passion flower tolerates arid ground, but favours moist areas. It is known to be an invasive species in some areas. This plant is also a widely grown perennial climber, and has been used in traditional medicine.{{cite journal|last1=Sathish|first1=R.|last2=Sahu|first2=Alok|last3=Natarajan|first3=K.|title=Antiulcer and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Passiflora foetida L.|journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology|date=May–June 2011|volume=43|issue=3|pages=336–339|doi=10.4103/0253-7613.81501|pmid=21713043|pmc=3113390 |doi-access=free }}

Description

The stems are thin and wiry, and are covered with minute sticky yellow hairs. Older stems become woody. The leaves are three- to five-lobed and viscid-hairy. When crushed, these leaves give off a pungent odor that some people consider unpleasant. The flowers are white to pale cream coloured, or pink to pale purple, about 5–6 cm diameter. The ripe fruit is globose, 2–3 cm diameter, remains green at maturity{{cite journal|last1=Svoboda|first1=Harlan|title=Five New Combinations in Passiflora sect. Dysosmia (Passifloraceae)|journal=Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature|date=25 July 2023|volume=31|issue=1|pages=163–168|doi=10.3417/2023841 |bibcode=2023Novon..31..163S }} and has numerous black seeds embedded in the pulp; the fruit are eaten and the seeds dispersed by birds. Red-fruited plants have been classified as distinct species.

Passiflora foetida is able to trap insects on its bracts, which exude a sticky substance that also contains digestive enzymes. This minimizes predation on young flowers and fruits.{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF02703305 |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/jbiosci/20/657-664.pdf |first=T R |last=Radhamani |author2=L Sudarshana |author3=Rani Krishnan |title=Defense and carnivory: Dual role of bracts in Passiflora foetida |journal=Journal of Biosciences |volume=20 |issue=5 |date=December 1995 |pages=657–664|s2cid=43357745 }} Whether or not it gains nourishment from its prey is uncertain, and it is considered a protocarnivorous plant.{{cite web |url=http://www.botany.org/carnivorous_Plants/ |title=Carnivorous Plants / Insectivorous Plants |publisher=Botanical Society of America |access-date=2010-01-07 |archive-date=2016-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909140420/http://www.botany.org/Carnivorous_Plants/ |url-status=dead }}

{{Gallery

|P.foetida.leaves.jpg|Leaves

|Passiflora foetida - Love in a Mist flower at Blathur 2014 (5) (cropped).jpg|Flower close-up

|Pollens of Passiflora foetida--.jpg|Pollen grains|

Ammoomma pazham 07082011014.JPG|Fruits

|Passiflora foetida W IMG 0566.jpg|Fruiting plant

|Passiflora foetida MHNT.BOT.2009.13.9.jpg|Seeds

|Passiflora foetida green fruits.png|Green fruits

|Passiflora foetida red fruits.png|Red fruits

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Animal interactions

Passiflora foetida is a larval host and nectar source for the Gulf fritillary (Agraulis vanillae).{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=PAFO2|title = Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - the University of Texas at Austin}}

Passiflora foetida has been mentioned as a toxic plant by farmers from northeastern Brazil. An experiment done with goats led to the discovery that high levels of cyanide in P. foetida cause poisoning after the ingestion of fresh leaves, mostly during the dry season.{{cite journal|last1=Carvalho|first1=Fabricio K. de L.|last2=de Medeiros|first2=Rosane M. T.|last3=de Araujo|first3=Jose A. S.|last4=Riet-Correa|first4=Franklin|title=Experimental poisoning by Passiflora foetida (Passifloraceae) in goats|journal=Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira|date=June 2011|volume=31|issue=6|pages=477–481|doi=10.1590/s0100-736x2011000600003|doi-access=free}}

Uses

The fruits are roughly the size of a ping pong ball or kumquat and contain a bluish-white pulp that is mildly sweet and delicately flavored. In the Philippines, the fruit of Passiflora foetida are known colloquially as marya-marya ('Little Mary'), balabalecua (in kapampangan), kurombot, utot-utot, and santo papa (due to its resemblance to the Pope's mitre). Young leaves and plant tips are also edible. Dry leaves are used in tea in Vietnamese folk medicine to relieve sleeping problems, as well as treatment for itching and coughs.{{ cite book |first1=Yoshitaka |last1=Tanaka |first2=Nguyen |last2=Van Ke |date=2007 |title=Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden |publisher=Thailand: Orchid Press |isbn=978-9745240896 |page=109}}

Passiflora foetida

Description

Animal interactions

Uses

References

Further reading