Passive physiological intervertebral movements
{{Short description|Spinal physical therapy assessment and treatment technique}}
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Passive physiological intervertebral movements (PPIVM) refers to a spinal physical therapy assessment and treatment technique developed by Geoff Maitland used to assess intervertebral movement at a single joint, and to mobilise neck stiffness.Geoffrey Douglas Maitland, Elly Hengeveld, Kevin Banks, Kay English, (2005). Maitland's Vertebral Manipulation, Volume 1. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. {{ISBN|9780750688062}}.
Technique
PPIVM is used as an assessment technique to assist with identifying the location, nature, severity and irritability of vertebral symptoms. They can be used to test for cervical or lumbar joint hypermobility or instability, or whether a joint is locked. PPIVM assessments test the movement available at a specific spinal level through the application of a passive physiological movement.Darlene Hertling, Randolph M. Kessler, (2006). Management of Common Musculoskeletal Disorders: Physical Therapy Principles and Methods. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. {{ISBN|9780781736268}}.
Cervical PPIVMs can be performed in cervical lateral flexion or rotation, with the therapist restricting movement beyond a certain cervical level by blocking with the hand; this allows the identification of the exact spinal level where patient symptoms occur. In regards to the lumbar spine, the technique is performed with the therapist reaching under the patient's knees, and lifting to obtain the desired lumbar movement whilst assessing the movement of the spinous process using the fingers.
Clinical evidence
Although studies have suggested that the technique provides good intra-tester reliability,Binkley, J., Stratford, P., and Gill, C., (1995). Interrater Reliability of Lumbar Accessory Motion Mobility Testing. Physical Therapy, Vol 75 (9) 786-795. the reliability has also been reported to be poor.Phillips, D., Twomey, L., (1996). A comparison of manual diagnosis with a diagnosis established by a uni-level lumbar spinal block procedure. Manual therapy, Vol 2, 82-87.
See also
References
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