Patrick S. Moore

{{Infobox scientist

| name = Patrick Moore

| image = Patrick S. Moore 2017-01.JPG

| caption = Moore in 2017

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|10|21}}

| birth_place = Seattle, Washington, U.S.

| nationality = American

| field = Cancer, Microbiology, Epidemiology

| work_institutions = UPMC Hillman Cancer Center

University of Pittsburgh

| known_for = Discovery of the human cancer viruses KSHV and MCV

| prizes = Meyenburg Prize {{small|(1997)}}
Robert Koch Prize {{small|(1998)}}
Charles S. Mott Prize {{small|(2003)}}
Passano Award {{small|(2017)}}
Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize {{small|(2017)}}
Clarivate Citation Laureates {{small|(2017)}}

| footnotes =

| spouse = Yuan Chang

| education = Westminster College
Stanford University
University of Utah
University of California, Berkeley

}}

Patrick S. Moore (born October 21, 1956) is an American virologist and epidemiologist who co-discovered together with his wife, Yuan Chang, two different human viruses causing the AIDS-related cancer Kaposi's sarcoma and the skin cancer Merkel cell carcinoma. Moore and Chang have discovered two of the seven known human viruses causing cancer. The couple met while in medical school together and were married in 1989 while they pursued fellowships at different universities.

Education and career

Moore received a Bachelor of Science in chemistry and biology from Westminster College in Salt Lake City, an M.S. degree from Stanford University, and M.D. and MPhil degrees from the University of Utah, and an M.P.H. degree from the University of California, Berkeley. As an epidemiologist working at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), he developed widely used international guidelines to control meningococcal meningitis epidemics{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Patrick S. |date=1992 |title=Meningococcal meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa: a model for the epidemic process |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1554841/ |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=515–525 |doi=10.1093/clinids/14.2.515 |issn=1058-4838 |pmid=1554841}}{{Cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=P. S. |last2=Broome |first2=C. V. |date=1994 |title=Cerebrospinal meningitis epidemics |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7997865/ |journal=Scientific American |volume=271 |issue=5 |pages=38–45 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1194-38 |issn=0036-8733 |pmid=7997865|bibcode=1994SciAm.271e..38M }} and led a team of CDC epidemiologists during the 1992 Somali Civil War. Civilian death rates documented during this civil war-famine were among the highest ever reported.{{Cite journal |last=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) |date=1992-12-11 |title=Population-based mortality assessment--Baidoa and Afgoi, Somalia, 1992 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1448038/ |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=41 |issue=49 |pages=913–917 |issn=0149-2195 |pmid=1448038}}{{Cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=P. S. |last2=Marfin |first2=A. A. |last3=Quenemoen |first3=L. E. |last4=Gessner |first4=B. D. |last5=Ayub |first5=Y. S. |last6=Miller |first6=D. S. |last7=Sullivan |first7=K. M. |last8=Toole |first8=M. J. |date=1993-04-10 |title=Mortality rates in displaced and resident populations of central Somalia during 1992 famine |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8096276/ |journal=Lancet |volume=341 |issue=8850 |pages=935–938 |doi=10.1016/0140-6736(93)91223-9 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=8096276|s2cid=38013442 }} The extreme mortality statistics helped to solidify international support behind the US-led military intervention Operation Restore Hope.{{cite web |title=1992: American marines land in Somalia |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/9/newsid_4013000/4013143.stm |work=On This Day |publisher=BBC |date=December 9, 1992 |access-date=July 21, 2009}} He received the 1989 CDC Langmuir Prize for his work on epidemic meningitis control.

After leaving the CDC, Moore served briefly as a New York City epidemiologist but quit to search for new human viruses with his wife, Yuan Chang who was then a newly appointed assistant professor at Columbia University.{{cite journal |author=Schmidt C |title=Yuan Chang and Patrick Moore: teaming up to hunt down cancer-causing viruses |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |volume=100 |issue=8 |pages=524–5, 529 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18398088 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djn122|doi-access=free }} Unemployed, he worked in his wife's laboratory, allowing him to rapidly pick up training in molecular biology. Despite having no research funding, Moore and Chang used a new molecular biology technique, representational difference analysis, to search for a virus causing Kaposi's sarcoma, the most common malignancy among AIDS patients.{{Cite journal |last1=Chang |first1=Y. |last2=Cesarman |first2=E. |last3=Pessin |first3=M. S. |last4=Lee |first4=F. |last5=Culpepper |first5=J. |last6=Knowles |first6=D. M. |last7=Moore |first7=P. S. |date=1994-12-16 |title=Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7997879/ |journal=Science |volume=266 |issue=5192 |pages=1865–1869 |doi=10.1126/science.7997879 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=7997879|bibcode=1994Sci...266.1865C |s2cid=29977325 }} In 1994, they discovered a new human herpesvirus, KSHV, in a KS tumor and along with several collaborators showed that it was the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and some forms of multicentric Castleman's disease.{{Cite journal |last1=Cesarman |first1=E. |last2=Chang |first2=Y. |last3=Moore |first3=P. S. |last4=Said |first4=J. W. |last5=Knowles |first5=D. M. |date=1995-05-04 |title=Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-related body-cavity-based lymphomas |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7700311/ |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=332 |issue=18 |pages=1186–1191 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199505043321802 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=7700311}}{{Cite journal |last1=Parravicini |first1=C. |last2=Corbellino |first2=M. |last3=Paulli |first3=M. |last4=Magrini |first4=U. |last5=Lazzarino |first5=M. |last6=Moore |first6=P. S. |last7=Chang |first7=Y. |date=1997 |title=Expression of a virus-derived cytokine, KSHV vIL-6, in HIV-seronegative Castleman's disease |journal=The American Journal of Pathology |volume=151 |issue=6 |pages=1517–1522 |issn=0002-9440 |pmc=1858372 |pmid=9403701}}{{Cite journal |last=Adler |first=T. |date=1994-12-17 |title=Scientists Link New Herpesvirus to Cancer |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3978785 |journal=Science News |volume=146 |issue=25 |pages=405 |doi=10.2307/3978785|jstor=3978785 }} Moore was hired onto the faculty at Columbia and the Chang-Moore Laboratory secured research funding to investigate this new virus. They subsequently sequenced KSHV,{{Cite journal |last1=Russo |first1=J. J. |last2=Bohenzky |first2=R. A. |last3=Chien |first3=M. C. |last4=Chen |first4=J. |last5=Yan |first5=M. |last6=Maddalena |first6=D. |last7=Parry |first7=J. P. |last8=Peruzzi |first8=D. |last9=Edelman |first9=I. S. |last10=Chang |first10=Y. |last11=Moore |first11=P. S. |date=1996-12-10 |title=Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8) |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=93 |issue=25 |pages=14862–14867 |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.25.14862 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=8962146|pmc=26227 |bibcode=1996PNAS...9314862R }} identified oncogenes encoded by the virus,{{Cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=P. S. |last2=Boshoff |first2=C. |last3=Weiss |first3=R. A. |last4=Chang |first4=Y. |date=1996-12-06 |title=Molecular mimicry of human cytokine and cytokine response pathway genes by KSHV |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8939871/ |journal=Science |volume=274 |issue=5293 |pages=1739–1744 |doi=10.1126/science.274.5293.1739 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=8939871|bibcode=1996Sci...274.1739M |s2cid=29713179 }} demonstrated transmission during transplantation and developed diagnostic tests to detect infection.{{Cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=P. S. |last2=Gao |first2=S. J. |last3=Dominguez |first3=G. |last4=Cesarman |first4=E. |last5=Lungu |first5=O. |last6=Knowles |first6=D. M. |last7=Garber |first7=R. |last8=Pellett |first8=P. E. |last9=McGeoch |first9=D. J. |last10=Chang |first10=Y. |date=January 1996 |title=Primary characterization of a herpesvirus agent associated with Kaposi's sarcoma |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=549–558 |doi=10.1128/JVI.70.1.549-558.1996 |issn=0022-538X |pmid=8523568|pmc=189843 }}{{Cite journal |last1=Gao |first1=S. J. |last2=Kingsley |first2=L. |last3=Hoover |first3=D. R. |last4=Spira |first4=T. J. |last5=Rinaldo |first5=C. R. |last6=Saah |first6=A. |last7=Phair |first7=J. |last8=Detels |first8=R. |last9=Parry |first9=P. |last10=Chang |first10=Y. |last11=Moore |first11=P. S. |date=1996-07-25 |title=Seroconversion to antibodies against Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-related latent nuclear antigens before the development of Kaposi's sarcoma |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8657239/ |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=335 |issue=4 |pages=233–241 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199607253350403 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=8657239}} In 2002, he moved his laboratory to the University of Pittsburgh where he served as founding director of the Cancer Virology Program at the UPMC Hillman Cancer Centerr until 2018. Chang and Moore jointly developed a new technique to find human tumor viruses called digital transcriptome subtraction (DTS).{{cite journal |vauthors=Feng H, Taylor JL, Benos PV, etal |title=Human transcriptome subtraction by using short sequence tags to search for tumor viruses in conjunctival carcinoma |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=81 |issue=20 |pages=11332–40 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17686852 |pmc=2045575 |doi=10.1128/JVI.00875-07}} Using this approach, they identified the most recently discovered cancer virus, a new human polyomavirus infecting Merkel carcinoma cells in 2008.{{cite journal |vauthors=Feng H, Shuda M, Chang Y, Moore PS |date=February 2008 |title=Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma |journal=Science |volume=319 |issue=5866 |pages=1096–100 |bibcode=2008Sci...319.1096F |doi=10.1126/science.1152586 |pmc=2740911 |pmid=18202256}} This virus causes of 50-80% of Merkel cell carcinomas{{Cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=Jürgen C. |last2=Stang |first2=Andreas |last3=DeCaprio |first3=James A. |last4=Cerroni |first4=Lorenzo |last5=Lebbé |first5=Celeste |last6=Veness |first6=Michael |last7=Nghiem |first7=Paul |date=2017-10-26 |title=Merkel cell carcinoma |journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers |volume=3 |pages=17077 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.77 |issn=2056-676X |pmc=6054450 |pmid=29072302}} and hence is named Merkel cell polyomavirus. His laboratory currently seeks to understand the role of tumor virus immunoevasion of the innate immune system as a cause for viral tumorigenesis.{{Cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=P. S. |last2=Chang |first2=Y. |date=1998 |title=Antiviral activity of tumor-suppressor pathways: clues from molecular piracy by KSHV |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9594662/ |journal=Trends in Genetics |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=144–150 |doi=10.1016/s0168-9525(98)01408-5 |issn=0168-9525 |pmid=9594662}}{{Cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Malini |last2=Osborne |first2=Julie |last3=Bestetti |first3=Giovanna |last4=Chang |first4=Yuan |last5=Moore |first5=Patrick S. |date=2002-11-15 |title=Viral IL-6-induced cell proliferation and immune evasion of interferon activity |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12434062/ |journal=Science |volume=298 |issue=5597 |pages=1432–1435 |doi=10.1126/science.1074883 |issn=1095-9203 |pmid=12434062|bibcode=2002Sci...298.1432C |s2cid=23133493 }}{{Cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Patrick S. |last2=Chang |first2=Yuan |date=2003 |title=Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus immunoevasion and tumorigenesis: two sides of the same coin? |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |volume=57 |pages=609–639 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090824 |issn=0066-4227 |pmc=3732455 |pmid=14527293}}{{Cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Patrick S. |last2=Chang |first2=Yuan |date=2010 |title=Why do viruses cause cancer? Highlights of the first century of human tumour virology |journal=Nature Reviews. Cancer |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=878–889 |doi=10.1038/nrc2961 |issn=1474-1768 |pmc=3718018 |pmid=21102637}} They have also discovered another polyomavirus (Human polyomavirus 7) as a cause of skin disease in transplant patients,{{Cite journal |last1=Ho |first1=J. |last2=Jedrych |first2=J. J. |last3=Feng |first3=H. |last4=Natalie |first4=A. A. |last5=Grandinetti |first5=L. |last6=Mirvish |first6=E. |last7=Crespo |first7=M. M. |last8=Yadav |first8=D. |last9=Fasanella |first9=K. E. |last10=Proksell |first10=S. |last11=Kuan |first11=S.-F. |last12=Pastrana |first12=D. V. |last13=Buck |first13=C. B. |last14=Shuda |first14=Y. |last15=Moore |first15=P. S. |date=2014-09-17 |title=Human Polyomavirus 7-Associated Pruritic Rash and Viremia in Transplant Recipients |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu524 |journal=Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=211 |issue=10 |pages=1560–1565 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiu524 |pmid=25231015 |issn=0022-1899|pmc=4425822 }} the generation of viral circular RNAs in KSHV, EBV and MCV,{{Cite journal |last1=Toptan |first1=Tuna |last2=Abere |first2=Bizunesh |last3=Nalesnik |first3=Michael A. |last4=Swerdlow |first4=Steven H. |last5=Ranganathan |first5=Sarangarajan |last6=Lee |first6=Nara |last7=Shair |first7=Kathy H. |last8=Moore |first8=Patrick S. |last9=Chang |first9=Yuan |date=2018-08-27 |title=Circular DNA tumor viruses make circular RNAs |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=115 |issue=37 |pages=E8737–E8745 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1811728115 |doi-access=free |pmid=30150410 |issn=0027-8424|pmc=6140489 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115E8737T }} the role of CDK1 in controlling protein translation during mitosis{{Cite journal |last1=Shuda |first1=Masahiro |last2=Velásquez |first2=Celestino |last3=Cheng |first3=Erdong |last4=Cordek |first4=Daniel G. |last5=Kwun |first5=Hyun Jin |last6=Chang |first6=Yuan |last7=Moore |first7=Patrick S. |date=2015-04-16 |title=CDK1 substitutes for mTOR kinase to activate mitotic cap-dependent protein translation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=19 |pages=5875–5882 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1505787112 |doi-access=free |pmid=25883264 |issn=0027-8424|pmc=4434708 |bibcode=2015PNAS..112.5875S }} and they defined the clonal mutation pattern of Merkel cell polyomavirus in cancers{{Cite journal |last1=Shuda |first1=Masahiro |last2=Feng |first2=Huichen |last3=Kwun |first3=Hyun Jin |last4=Rosen |first4=Steven T. |last5=Gjoerup |first5=Ole |last6=Moore |first6=Patrick S. |last7=Chang |first7=Yuan |date=2008-10-21 |title=T antigen mutations are a human tumor-specific signature for Merkel cell polyomavirus |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=105 |issue=42 |pages=16272–16277 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0806526105 |doi-access=free |pmid=18812503 |issn=0027-8424|pmc=2551627 |bibcode=2008PNAS..10516272S }} as well as its oncogenes.{{Citation |title=Merkel Cell Polyomavirus |date=2020-02-07 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios|doi=10.32388/iwhh3w |doi-access=free }}

Awards

Moore and Chang are American Cancer Society Research Professors and have been awarded the 1997 Meyenburg Cancer Research Prize, 1998 Robert Koch Prize, the 2003 General Motors Cancer Research Foundation Charles S. Mott Prize,{{cite news |first=Byron |last=Spice |date=June 10, 2003 |title=Pitt couple wins top prize for cancer research |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/healthscience/20030610mott0610p1.asp |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |access-date=July 21, 2009}} the 2017 Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize and the 2017 Passano Foundation Passano Award. They are 2017 Clarivate Citation Laureates.