Payzawat County

{{more citations needed|date=March 2020}}

{{citation needed span|The name "Jiashi" was first used in Chinese documents of Tang Dynasty and was adopted when Emperor Guangxu established the county in 1902. Allegedly the word is a transliteration of a celestial Turkic word for jade and has the same origin to "Kashi", Mandarin transliteration for "Kashgar". The Uyghur name "Payziwat" means "God's blessing of fortune" and was sometimes used in documents in Qing Dynasty.|date=March 2020}} Payzawat means 'beautiful land of plenty'.

The name of the region is also transliterated as Faizabad.{{cite journal |author=Reginald C. F. Schomberg and Matthew Arnold |year=1930 |title=The Climatic Conditions of the Tarim Basin |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=75 |issue=4 |page=318 |doi= 10.2307/1784816|jstor=1784816 |bibcode=1930GeogJ..75..313S }}{{citation|first1=John |last1=Michell|first2= Chokan Chingisovich |last2=Valikhanov|first3= Mikhail Ivanovich |last3=Venyukov

|publisher=E. Stanford |year=1865

|title=The Russians in Central Asia: their occupation of the Kirghiz steppe and the line of the Syr-Daria: their political relations with Khiva, Bokhara, and Kokan: also descriptions of Chinese Turkestan and Dzungaria; by Capt. Valikhanof, M. Veniukof and [others]. Translated by John Michell, Robert Michell

|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r7YoAAAAYAAJ

|page=152

}}

Peyziwat County was established in July 1902.[http://www.kashi.gov.cn/english/Citycounty/peyziwat.htm Peyziwat County] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902061547/http://www.kashi.gov.cn/english/Citycounty/peyziwat.htm |date=2010-09-02 }}. Kashgar Government.

In 1981, there was a brief pro-independence rebellion, the Jiashi uprising ({{lang|zh-hans|1981年伽师县"5·27"暴乱}}), in the county staged by Uyghur activists after riots in Kashgar.{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/stream/TheJerusalemPost1988IsraelEnglish/May%2024%201988%2C%20The%20Jerusalem%20Post%2C%20%2316834%2C%20Israel%20%28en%29|title=Racial tensions simmer on China's ancient Silk Road|newspaper=Jerusalem Post|via=Internet Archive|author=Andrew Roche|quote=Local government officials confirmed for the first time this month that an organized uprising against Chinese rule took place as late as the early 1980s.
Moslem peasants in Payzawat, 100 kilometres east of Kashgar, raided a military armoury and attacked Han Chinese with the stolen weapons. Units of the People's Liberation Army crushed the rebellion, with many deaths, local people from the Moslem Uighur ethnic group said.
Kashgar's vice-mayor Mohamed Emin, a Uighur but a non-Moslem Communist Party member, said a group "bent on destroying ethnic unity" had been responsible.
Payzawat - called Jiashi County by Peking - is closed to foreigners although overseas tour groups now regularly visit Kashgar. Local sources said the rebellion followed riots in Kashgar in 1981 that exploded when a Chinese shopkeeper shot dead a Uighur peasant who had parked a donkey-cart load of manure outside his premises.|date=24 May 1988|access-date=1 September 2020|volume=56|issue=16834|page=[https://archive.org/stream/TheJerusalemPost1988IsraelEnglish/May%2024%201988%2C%20The%20Jerusalem%20Post%2C%20%2316834%2C%20Israel%20%28en%29#page/n5/ 6]}}{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/tibetsurvivalinq0000donn/|title=Tibet: Survival in Question|author=Pierre-Antoine Donnet|translator=Tica Broch|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|isbn=1-85649-129-3|year=1994|page=[https://archive.org/details/tibetsurvivalinq0000donn/page/134/ 134]|quote=In the early 1980s, the local people rose up in armed rebellion against the Chinese presence in the regional centre of Payzawat. The Chinese army was called in to put down the uprising and the death toll was high.|url-access=registration|via=Internet Archive}}{{Cite book|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim far northwest|first=Michael|last=Dillon|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|pages=59–60|isbn=978-0-203-16664-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQhQ3QKDezsC&q=payzawat+xinjiang+Jiashi&pg=PA59}}

The 1997 Jiashi earthquakes, continuing to 2003, were a series of deadly earthquakes in the county. Rebiya Kadeer wrote that her career was significantly affected by the earthquakes, which were "one of the worst natural disasters that had occurred in the Uyghur nation in recent memory." One hundred villages and one thousand homes were leveled. Kadeer organized donations and aid for the area.{{cite book |last=Kadeer |first=Rebiya |title=Dragon Fighter One Woman's Epic Struggle for Peace with China |year=2009 |publisher=Kales Press |isbn=978-0-9798456-1-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dragonfighterone0000kade/page/276 276]-[https://archive.org/details/dragonfighterone0000kade/page/278 278] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dragonfighterone0000kade/ }} In February 2002, a 6.7 magnitude earthquake killed 267 people in Maralbexi County and Payzawat County.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/uyghurreader00turs/|title=Uyghur Reader|author=Nabijan Tursun|year=2007|publisher=Dunwoody Press|isbn=978-1-931546-42-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/uyghurreader00turs/page/n167/ 141]}}

On August 27, 2008, two ethnic Uyghur police officers were killed.{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2008/09/04/chinastan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918105623/https://www.economist.com/asia/2008/09/04/chinastan|archive-date=18 September 2019|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|title=Chinastan|newspaper=The Economist|date=4 September 2008|access-date=11 December 2020}}{{cite web

|year=2008

|url=https://archive.org/details/08BEIJING3426/

|title=Attack in Jiashi Drastically Changes Security Environment

|publisher=WikiLeaks

|via=Internet Archive}}

On October 20, 2014, Shaptul (Xiaputule) was changed from a township to a town.{{cite web|url=http://www.xjmca.gov.cn/xzqhtzgg/27055.jhtml|script-title=zh:关于同意伽师县夏普吐勒乡撤乡设镇的批复(新政函[2014]183号)|date=27 October 2014|access-date=9 April 2020|script-website=zh:新疆民政 |quote={{lang|zh-hans|2014年10月20日,自治区人民政府同意撤销伽师县夏普吐勒乡建制，设立夏普吐勒镇，其行政区域界线、政府驻地及隶属关系不变。}}|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812091527/http://www.xjmca.gov.cn/xzqhtzgg/27055.jhtml|archive-date=12 August 2019}}

In 2017, Jiashi County Secondary Vocational School ({{lang|zh-hans|伽师县中等职业学校}}), one of the Xinjiang internment camps, was increased in size, adding new dormitories and factory warehouses; significant security features were added through the introduction of secure 'military-style management'.{{cite web|url=https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-sale|title=Uyghurs for sale |author=Vicky Xiuzhong Xu |author2=Danielle Cave |author3=James Leibold |author4=Kelsey Munro |author5=Nathan Ruser |date=28 February 2020|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Australian Strategic Policy Institute}}

On the night of January 19, 2020, a strong earthquake ({{lang|zh-hans|2020年喀什地震}}) damaged buildings and seriously injured at least one person in the county.{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3860963|title=Quake causes damage, injuries in China's Xinjiang region|date=20 January 2020|access-date=21 March 2020|website=Taiwan News}}{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJnvu_raot0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211217/zJnvu_raot0 |archive-date=2021-12-17 |url-status=live|title=6.4-magnitude Earthquake Jolted Xinjiang, Causing Injuries, Damaging Houses, Disrupting Service|date=20 January 2020|access-date=21 March 2020|publisher=China Central Television|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}

Payzawat County includes 6 towns, 7 townships, and one other area:{{cite web|url=http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/xj/21298.html|script-title=zh:伽师县历史沿革|website=XZQH.org|date=14 November 2014|access-date=21 March 2020|quote={{lang|zh-hans|2000年第五次人口普查，伽师县常住总人口311733人，{...}2003年，伽师县总面积6600.68平方千米，{...}县政府驻巴仁镇。{...}2010年第六次人口普查，伽师县常住总人口381767人，{...}2014年10月20日，自治区政府（新政函[2014]183号）同意撤销夏普吐勒乡，设立夏普吐勒镇。调整后，全县辖3个镇、10个乡：巴仁镇、西克尔库勒镇、夏普吐勒镇、铁日木乡、英买里乡、江巴孜乡、卧里托格拉克乡、克孜勒博依乡、米夏乡、和夏阿瓦提乡、克孜勒苏乡、古勒鲁克乡、玉代克力克乡。}}}}{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2019/65/31/653129.html |script-title=zh:2019年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：伽师县 |language=zh-hans |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China |date=2019 |access-date=21 March 2020 |quote={{lang|zh-hans|统计用区划代码 名称 653129100000 巴仁镇 653129101000 西克尔库勒镇 653129102000 夏普吐勒镇 653129103000 卧里托格拉克镇 653129104000 克孜勒博依镇 653129107000 和夏阿瓦提镇 653129200000 铁日木乡 653129201000 英买里乡 653129202000 江巴孜乡 653129205000 米夏乡 653129208000 克孜勒苏乡 653129209000 古勒鲁克乡 653129210000 玉代克力克乡 653129500000 兵团伽师总场|}}}}{{cite book|script-title=zh:地名中的新疆|language=zh-hans|date=2003|isbn=7-228-08004-1|author=Xie Yuzhong 解玉忠|location=Ürümqi|publisher=新疆人民出版社|pages=225–228}}

The system of irrigation is well-developed. Agricultural products include wheat, corn, sorghum, cotton and muskmelon. Animal herding is also common, primarily sheep. Specialities of the county include the 'Payzawat melon' ({{lang|zh-hans|伽师瓜}}) and white grapes without pits. Industries include tractors, electronics, leather making, construction, and cotton and melon processing.{{cite book|editor1=夏征农|editor2=陈至立|script-title=zh:辞海：第六版彩图本 |trans-title=Cihai (Sixth Edition in Color) |date=September 2009|location=上海. Shanghai|publisher=上海辞书出版社. Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House.|isbn=978-7-5326-2859-9| language=zh|page=1046|quote={{lang|zh-hans|面积6 601平方千米。{...}1902年（清光绪二十八年）置伽师县。{...}灌溉发达。农产有小麦、玉米、高粱、棉花和甜瓜。畜牧业亦盛，以绵羊为主。特产"伽师瓜"、无核白葡萄。工业有农机、电力、制革、建材、棉花和瓜果加工等。}}}}

{{as of|1885}}, there was about 55,400 acres (366,889 mu) of cultivated land in Payzawat.{{cite journal|title=Cultivation Development and Expansion in China's Colonial Realm in Central Asia|author=Herold J. Wiens|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=26|issue=1|date=November 1966|page=75|doi=10.2307/2051832 |jstor=2051832|s2cid=162339064 |doi-access=free}}

{{Historical populations

|type=China

|percentages = pagr

|2000|311733

|2010|381767

|footnote =

|}}

As of 2015, 437,073 of the 445,846 residents of the county were Uyghur, 8,342 were Han Chinese, 431 were from other ethnic groups.{{cite web |url= http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2016xjtjnj/rkjy/201707/t20170714_539450.html |script-title= zh:3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数 |language=zh-hans|publisher=Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region |date=15 March 2017|access-date=3 September 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171011101904/http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2016xjtjnj/rkjy/201707/t20170714_539450.html |archive-date= 11 October 2017 |url-status=live }}

{{as of|2009}}, Uyghurs made up 98.9% of the county's population.

{{citation needed span|According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 320,000. |date=March 2020}}

As of 1999, 96.46% of the population of Payzawat (Jiashi) County was Uyghur and 3.52% of the population was Han Chinese.{{cite book|url=https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/44961/9780295804057.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|title=Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers|date=2004|isbn=0-295-98390-6|editor=Morris Rossabi|editor-link=Morris Rossabi|publisher=University of Washington Press|page=179}}

In 1997, Uyghurs made up 97.2% of the county's population.

{{Weather box|width=auto

|metric first=y

|single line=y

|collapsed = Y

|location = Payzawat, elevation {{convert|1205|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)

|Jan record high C = 19.0 |Jan record low C = -24.8

|Feb record high C = 19.7 |Feb record low C = -25.5

|Mar record high C = 30.2 |Mar record low C = -7.7

|Apr record high C = 35.3 |Apr record low C = -1.4

|May record high C = 36.4 |May record low C = 4.3

|Jun record high C = 39.6 |Jun record low C = 6.6

|Jul record high C = 39.8 |Jul record low C = 10.7

|Aug record high C = 40.1 |Aug record low C = 9.8

|Sep record high C = 35.4 |Sep record low C = 4.1

|Oct record high C = 30.8 |Oct record low C = -3.9

|Nov record high C = 25.8 |Nov record low C = -13.0

|Dec record high C = 19.9 |Dec record low C = -21.6

|year high C = |year low C =

|year high F = |year low F =

|Jan high C = 0.7

|Feb high C = 6.9

|Mar high C = 16.2

|Apr high C = 24.3

|May high C = 28.6

|Jun high C = 32.1

|Jul high C = 33.7

|Aug high C = 32.3

|Sep high C = 28.1

|Oct high C = 21.4

|Nov high C = 12.0

|Dec high C = 2.7

|Jan mean C = -5.7

|Feb mean C = 0.2

|Mar mean C = 9.1

|Apr mean C = 16.6

|May mean C = 20.7

|Jun mean C = 24.1

|Jul mean C = 25.7

|Aug mean C = 24.2

|Sep mean C = 19.7

|Oct mean C = 12.3

|Nov mean C = 3.8

|Dec mean C = -3.6

|Jan low C = -10.9

|Feb low C = -5.7

|Mar low C = 2.5

|Apr low C = 9.2

|May low C = 13.4

|Jun low C = 16.7

|Jul low C = 18.6

|Aug low C = 17.3

|Sep low C = 12.6

|Oct low C = 5.1

|Nov low C = -2.3

|Dec low C = -8.1

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 2.6

|Feb precipitation mm = 3.8

|Mar precipitation mm = 5.1

|Apr precipitation mm = 4.0

|May precipitation mm = 12.5

|Jun precipitation mm = 11.5

|Jul precipitation mm = 11.1

|Aug precipitation mm = 15.0

|Sep precipitation mm = 9.1

|Oct precipitation mm = 3.1

|Nov precipitation mm = 1.9

|Dec precipitation mm = 2.0

|Jan humidity = 66

|Feb humidity = 56

|Mar humidity = 44

|Apr humidity = 37

|May humidity = 41

|Jun humidity = 43

|Jul humidity = 47

|Aug humidity = 54

|Sep humidity = 57

|Oct humidity = 59

|Nov humidity = 61

|Dec humidity = 70

|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 2.6

|Feb precipitation days = 1.8

|Mar precipitation days = 1.5

|Apr precipitation days = 1.6

|May precipitation days = 3.7

|Jun precipitation days = 4.6

|Jul precipitation days = 4.6

|Aug precipitation days = 5.1

|Sep precipitation days = 2.9

|Oct precipitation days = 1.1

|Nov precipitation days = 0.7

|Dec precipitation days = 2.0

|year precipitation days =

|Jan sun = 155.7

|Feb sun = 170.3

|Mar sun = 202.7

|Apr sun = 230.0

|May sun = 279.9

|Jun sun = 310.5

|Jul sun = 321.3

|Aug sun = 293.6

|Sep sun = 267.6

|Oct sun = 253.3

|Nov sun = 201.3

|Dec sun = 155.1

|year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 51

| Feb percentsun = 55

| Mar percentsun = 54

| Apr percentsun = 57

| May percentsun = 62

| Jun percentsun = 70

| Jul percentsun = 72

| Aug percentsun = 70

| Sep percentsun = 73

| Oct percentsun = 75

| Nov percentsun = 68

| Dec percentsun = 53

| year percentsun =

|Jan snow days = 5.9

|Feb snow days = 2.9

|Mar snow days = 0.7

|Apr snow days = 0

|May snow days = 0

|Jun snow days = 0

|Jul snow days = 0

|Aug snow days = 0

|Sep snow days = 0

|Oct snow days = 0

|Nov snow days = 0.6

|Dec snow days = 4.7

|year snow days =

|source 1 = China Meteorological Administration{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=10 October 2023}}

{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =10 October 2023 |title=Experience Template }}

}}

• G3012 Turpan–Hotan Expressway

Historical English-language maps including Payzawat:

File:Txu-oclc-6654394-nj-43-5th-ed.jpg|Map including Payzawat (labeled as CH'IEH-SHIH (FAIZ ABAD)) from the International Map of the World (AMS, 1966){{efn|From map: "DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE"}}

File:NJ-43-4 Yueh Pu Hu, China.jpg|Map including Payzawat (labeled as CH'IEH-SHIH) (DMA, 1974)

File:Operational Navigation Chart G-7, 6th edition.jpg|From the Operational Navigation Chart; map including Payzawat (labeled as Jiashi (Ch'ieh-shih)) (DMA, 1980){{efn|From map: "The representation of international boundaries is not necessarily authoritative."}}

File:Txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566 g-7a.jpg|Map including Payzawat (labeled as Jiashi (Ch'ieh-shih)) (DMA, 1984){{efn|From map: "The representation of international boundaries is not necessarily authoritative"}}

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Wiktionary|Payzawat|Peyzawat|Peyziwat|Jiashi|Ch'ieh-shih|Faizabad}}

• [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=39.49+N,+76.71+E&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=33.572881,98.525391&ie=UTF8&ll=39.489735,76.709976&spn=0.255417,0.76973&z=11 Map of Payzawat at Google Maps]

{{Xinjiang Administrative Divisions}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:County-level divisions of Xinjiang

Category:Kashgar Prefecture