Penstemon centranthifolius

Penstemon centranthifolius is a herbaceous plant that when mature will reach 30 to 120 centimeters in height.{{Cite web |url=https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=36894 |title=Penstemon centranthifolius |last1=Wetherwax |first1=Margriet |last2=Holmgren |first2=Noel H. |date=2012 |website=Jepson eFlora |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |language=en |access-date=13 November 2024}} Its stems are hairless and may be erect or ascending, growing straight upwards or growing out slightly and then curving to grow upwards.{{cite web |url=http://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Penstemon_centranthifolius |title=Penstemon centranthifolius |last1=Freeman |first1=Craig C. |date=29 July 2020 |orig-date=2019 |website=Flora of North America |page=151 |language=en |isbn=978-0190868512 |oclc=1101573420 |access-date=13 November 2024}}

The leaves are cauline, attached to the stems rather than the base of the plant, and attached in five to eleven pairs on opposite sides of the stems. They are thick with smooth edges and the ones midway up the stems the longest. They range in size between 4 and 10 centimeters in length and 1 to 4 cm in width with ovate to lanceolate shape, egg shaped with a wider portion towards the base to resembling the head of a spear. Leaves may be attached directly to the stem or by a short petiole. The base of each leaf may be tapered or it may be auriculate-clasping, wrap partway around the stem with ear like projections.

The top of the stem is occupied by a long inflorescence bearing narrow tubular flowers 2.5 to 3.3 centimeters long. The inflorescence is usually 15 to 60 cm of the stem, but may occasionally be as much as 100 cm in length. The flowers are hairless with two lips that have projecting round to egg shaped lobes. The flowers are bright red to orange-red. Like the rest of the flower the staminode is hairless and will extend out of the flower's opening, it is 13 to 14 millimeters long overall. Flowering takes place from February to as late as July.

Penstemon centranthifolius was scientifically described in a lecture delivered to the Horticultural Society of London by the botanist George Bentham 17 June 1834, but named Chelone centranthifolia.{{cite journal |last1=Bentham |first1=George |author1-link=George Bentham |date=1835 |orig-date= |title=Report on some of the more remarkable Hardy Ornamental Plants raised in the Horicultural Society's Garden from seeds received from Mr. David Douglas, in the years 1831, 1832, 1833 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44337413 |journal=Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London |language=en |volume=ser.2, 1 |article-number=LIX |page=481 |access-date=11 November 2024}} The next year this initial name was published in the Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London, but the same year Bentham published a different argument about how Chelone should be distinguished from Pentstemon in his book Scrophularinaea Indicae renaming the species as Penstemon centranthifolius.{{cite book |last1=Bentham |first1=George |author1-link=George Bentham |date=1835 |title=Scrophularinaea Indicae : A synopsis of the East Indian Scrophularineae contained in the collections presented by the East India Company to the Linnean Society of London, and in those of Mr. Royle and others; with some general observations on the affinities and sub-divisions of the order |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34720522 |language=en |location=London |publisher=James Ridgway and Sons |page=7 |oclc=7391940846 |access-date=11 November 2024}}

In English it is known by the common name scarlet bugler. In the 1920s it was still occasionally called hummingbird's dinner horn because of visitation to the flowers by hummingbirds.{{cite book |last1=Saunders |first1=Charles Francis |title=Western Flower Guide : Wild Flowers of the Rockies and West to the Pacific |date=1920 |publisher=Doubleday, Page & Company |location=Garden City, New York |page=207 |url=https://archive.org/details/westernflowergui0000char/page/207 |access-date=22 February 2025}}

This species commonly hybridizes with showy penstemon (Penstemon spectabilis), a species with wide-mouthed purple-blue flowers, to produce a penstemon with pinkish-purple flowers which is intermediate in size and named Penstemon × parishii.Armstrong W. [http://waynesword.palomar.edu/penstem1.htm Penstemon Hybrids]

Penstemon centranthifolius is native to the US state of California and the Mexican state of Baja California.{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldplants.de/ |title=Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. Version 24.11 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |date=5 November 2024 |website=World Plants |language=en |access-date=13 November 2024}} It grows as far north as Glenn County, California.{{cite usda plants|symbol=PECE2 |title=Penstemon centranthifolius |date=13 November 2024}} They may be found in the California Coast Ranges, the Sacramento Valley, the San Joaquin Valley, in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, the Mojave Desert, the Transverse Ranges, the San Jacinto Mountains, the South Coast, and the Channel Islands. in Baja California it mostly grows below {{convert|1000|m|ft|sp=us}} in the Sierra de Juárez south to Sierra de San Borja.{{cite book |last1=Wiggins |first1=Ira L. |author-link1=Ira Loren Wiggins |date=1980 |title=Flora of Baja California |language=en |location=Stanford, California |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=506 |isbn=978-0-8047-1016-9 |oclc=6284257}}

It grows in dry habitats such as open chaparral, California oak woodlands, Joshua tree woodlands, pinyon–juniper woodlands, pine forests, and with coastal sage scrub. In Baja California they grow on alluvial fans near mountains called bajadas, in canyons, and granitic hillsides.

The conservation organization NatureServe evaluated Penstemon centranthifolius in 1986. At that time they rated it as apparently secure globally (G4).{{Cite NatureServe |date=1 November 2024 |id=2.145231 |title=Penstemon centranthifolius |access-date=13 November 2024}}

• California chaparral and woodlands
• List of Penstemon species

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centranthifolius

Category:Flora of California

Category:Flora of Baja California

Category:Natural history of the Channel Islands of California