Perinatal mortality

{{Further|Preterm birth#Specific risks for the preterm neonate}}

Preterm birth is the most common cause of perinatal mortality, causing almost 30 percent of neonatal deaths.[http://www.marchofdimes.org/loss/neonatal-death.aspx March of Dimes / Neonatal Death] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024114718/http://www.marchofdimes.org/loss/neonatal-death.aspx |date=2014-10-24 }} Retrieved on November 10, 2014 Infant respiratory distress syndrome, in turn, is the leading cause of death in preterm infants, affecting about 1% of newborn infants.Rodriguez RJ, Martin RJ, and Fanaroff, AA. Respiratory distress syndrome and its management. Fanaroff and Martin (eds.) Neonatal-perinatal medicine: Diseases of the fetus and infant; 7th ed. (2002):1001–1011. St. Louis: Mosby. Birth defects cause about 21 percent of neonatal death.

Some major causes of perinatal mortality rate is:

• Maternal diseases
• Pelvic diseases; endometriosis, ovarian tumor
• Anatomical defects; Uterine, Cervical anomalies
• Endocrine imbalance
• Blood incompatibilities
• Malnutrition
• Toxemias of pregnancy
• APH
• Congenital defects
• Advanced maternal age

Fetal mortality refers to stillbirths or fetal death.{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/fetal_death.htm|title=NVSS – Fetal Deaths|date=8 November 2017|website=www.cdc.gov}} It encompasses any death of a fetus after 20 weeks of gestation or 500 gm. In some definitions of the PNM early fetal mortality (week 20–27 gestation) is not included, and the PNM may only include late fetal death and neonatal death. Fetal death can also be divided into death prior to labor, antenatal (antepartum) death, and death during labor, intranatal (intrapartum) death.

Neonatal mortality refers to death of a live-born baby within the first 28 days of life. Early neonatal mortality refers to the death of a live-born baby within the first seven days of life, while late neonatal mortality refers to death after 7 days until before 28 days. Some definitions of the PNM include only the early neonatal mortality. Neonatal mortality is affected by the quality of in-hospital care for the neonate. Neonatal mortality and postneonatal mortality (covering the remaining 11 months of the first year of life) are reflected in the infant mortality rate.

The PNMR refers to the number of perinatal deaths per 1,000 total births. It is usually reported on an annual basis.{{cite web|url=http://www.checkpregnancy.com/miscarriage-statistics/|title=Miscarriage Risk by Week and What Affects Your Risks of Miscarriage|date=23 August 2015}} It is a major marker to assess the quality of health care delivery. Comparisons between different rates may be hampered by varying definitions, registration bias, and differences in the underlying risks of the populations.

PNMRs vary widely and may be below 10 for certain developed countries and more than 10 times higher in developing countries.{{Cite web|url=http://www.cih.uib.no/journals/EJHD/ejhdv14-n3/ejhd-14-3-page-335.htm|title = Centre for International Health}} The WHO has not published contemporary data.

Probiotic supplementation of preterm and low birthweight babies during their first month of life can reduce the risk of blood infections, bowel sickness and death in low- and middle-income settings. However, supplementing with Vitamin A does not reduce the risk of death and increases the risk of bulging fontanelle, which may cause brain damage.{{Cite journal|last1=Imdad|first1=Aamer|last2=Rehman|first2=Faseeha|last3=Davis|first3=Evans|last4=Ranjit|first4=Deepika|last5=Surin|first5=Gamael S. S.|last6=Attia|first6=Suzanna L.|last7=Lawler|first7=Sarah|last8=Smith|first8=Abigail A.|last9=Bhutta|first9=Zulfiqar A.|date=2021|title=Effects of neonatal nutrition interventions on neonatal mortality and child health and development outcomes: A systematic review|journal=Campbell Systematic Reviews|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=e1141|doi=10.1002/cl2.1141|pmid=37133295 |pmc=8356300 |s2cid=240864559|issn=1891-1803|doi-access=free}}

• Maternal death
• Miscarriage
• Neonatal intensive care unit
• Neonaticide
• Pregnancy and Infant Loss Remembrance Day
• Stillbirth

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• [https://www.who.int/whr/2005/media_centre/facts_en.pdf WHO 2005 report]
• [http://www.europeristat.com/images/doc/Peristat%202013%20V2.pdf European Perinatal Health Report 2010]

{{Women's health|state=collapsed}}

{{Death}}

{{Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Perinatal Mortality}}

Category:Medical aspects of death

Category:Obstetrics

Category:Infant mortality

Category:Medical terminology

Category:Midwifery

Category:Pregnancy with abortive outcome

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