Persistence hunting#Persistence hunting in human evolution
{{Short description|Hunting until the prey animal can no longer flee}}
{{Distinguish |text=Pursuit predation or Game drives}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
Persistence hunting, also known as endurance hunting or long-distance hunting, is a variant of pursuit predation in which a predator will bring down a prey item via indirect means, such as exhaustion, heat illness or injury.{{cite journal |last=Krantz |first=Grover S. |title=Brain size and hunting ability in earliest man. |journal=Current Anthropology |date=1968 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=450–451 |doi=10.1086/200927 |s2cid=143267326}}{{cite journal |last1=Carrier |first1=David R. |jstor=2742907 |title=The Energetic Paradox of Human Running and Hominid Evolution |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=25 |issue=4 |date=August–October 1984 |pages=483–95 |doi=10.1086/203165 |s2cid=15432016}} Hunters of this type will typically display adaptions for distance running, such as longer legs,{{cite journal |last1=Carretero |first1=José-Miguel |last2=Rodríguez |first2=Laura |last3=García-González |first3=Rebeca |last4=Arsuaga |first4=Juan-Luis |last5=Gómez-Olivencia |first5=Asier |last6=Lorenzo |first6=Carlos |last7=Bonmatí |first7=Alejandro |last8=Gracia |first8=Ana |last9=Martínez |first9=Ignacio |last10=Quam |first10=Rolf |title=Stature estimation from complete long bones in the Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sima de los Huesos, Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain) |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=February 2012 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=242–255 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.11.004 |pmid=22196156 |bibcode=2012JHumE..62..242C |url=https://eprints.ucm.es/26998/1/1-s2.0-S0047248411002193-_01.pdf |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412204056/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120606075323.htm |url-status=live }} temperature regulation,{{Cite book |title=The evolution of sweat glands |publisher=Folk & Semken Jr |year=1991 |pages=181}} and specialized cardiovascular systems.{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Tobias |last2=Altimiras |first2=Jordi |last3=Klein |first3=Wilfried |last4=Axelsson |first4=Michael |title=Ventricular haemodynamics in Python molurus : separation of pulmonary and systemic pressures |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |date=December 2003 |volume=206 |issue=23 |pages=4241–4245 |doi=10.1242/jeb.00681 |pmid=14581594 |s2cid=25934805 |doi-access=free}}
Some endurance hunters may prefer to injure prey in an ambush before the hunt and rely on tracking to find their quarry. Hadza hunter-gatherers do not persistence hunt, but they do run in short bursts while hunting small game.
Humans and ancestors
{{See also|Hunting hypothesis|Endurance running hypothesis|Human evolution|Bipedalism|Human body}}
Humans are some of the best long distance runners in the animal kingdom;{{cite journal |last1=Bramble |first1=Dennis M. |last2=Lieberman |first2=Daniel E. |title=Endurance running and the evolution of Homo |journal=Nature |date=November 2004 |volume=432 |issue=7015 |pages=345–352 |doi=10.1038/nature03052 |pmid=15549097 |bibcode=2004Natur.432..345B |s2cid=2470602 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15289/files/PAL_E2588.pdf |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226044251/https://doc.rero.ch/record/15289/files/PAL_E2588.pdf |url-status=live }} some hunter gatherer tribes practice this form of hunting into the modern era.{{cite journal |last1=Lieberman |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Bramble |first2=Dennis M. |last3=Raichlen |first3=David A. |last4=Shea |first4=John J. |title=The evolution of endurance running and the tyranny of ethnography: A reply to Pickering and Bunn (2007) |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=October 2007 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=439–442 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.07.002 |pmid=17767947 |bibcode=2007JHumE..53..439L |s2cid=14996543 |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3743587 |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131002430/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/3743587 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Lieberman |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Mahaffey |first2=Mickey |last3=Cubesare Quimare |first3=Silvino |last4=Holowka |first4=Nicholas B. |last5=Wallace |first5=Ian J. |last6=Baggish |first6=Aaron L. |date=2020-06-01 |title=Running in Tarahumara (Rarámuri) Culture: Persistence Hunting, Footracing, Dancing, Work, and the Fallacy of the Athletic Savage |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=356–379 |doi=10.1086/708810 |s2cid=219067151 |doi-access=free}}{{cite episode |title=The Intense 8 Hour Hunt |series=The Life of Mammals |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=826HMLoiE_o |people=David Attenborough |access-date=2023-05-10 |via=YouTube |date=25 August 2010 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131002352/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=826HMLoiE_o |url-status=live }} Homo sapiens have the proportionally longest legs of all known human species,{{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=J.R. |last2=García-Rodríguez |first2=O. |last3=Knul |first3=M.V. |last4=Sewell |first4=L. |last5=Montgomery |first5=H. |last6=Thomas |first6=M.G. |last7=Diekmann |first7=Y. |title=Palaeoecological and genetic evidence for Neanderthal power locomotion as an adaptation to a woodland environment |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=August 2019 |volume=217 |pages=310–315 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.023 |bibcode=2019QSRv..217..310S |s2cid=133980969 |url=http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/31956/14/Figure%204.pdf |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203075635/http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/31956/14/Figure%204.pdf |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Trinkaus |first1=Erik |chapter=Neanderthal limb proportions and cold adaptation |pages=187–224 |editor1-last=Stringer |editor1-first=Chris |title=Aspects of Human Evolution |date=1981 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-85066-209-2}} but all members of genus Homo have cursorial (limbs adapted for running) adaptions not seen in more arboreal hominids such as chimpanzees and orangutans.
Persistence hunting can be done by walking, but with a 30 to 74% lower rate of success than by running or intermittent running. Furthermore, while needing 10 to 30% less energy, it takes twice as long. Walking down prey, however, might have arisen in Homo erectus, preceding endurance running.{{cite journal |last1=Hora |first1=Martin |last2=Pontzer |first2=Herman |last3=Struška |first3=Michal |last4=Entin |first4=Pauline |last5=Sládek |first5=Vladimír |title=Comparing walking and running in persistence hunting |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=172 |year=2022 |issn=0047-2484 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103247 |page=103247 |pmid=36152433 |bibcode=2022JHumE.17203247H |s2cid=252445717}} Homo erectus may have lost its hair to enhance heat dissipation during persistence hunting, which would explain the origin of a characteristic feature of the genus Homo.{{Cite journal |last=Hora |first=Martin |display-authors=et al. |date=January 2020 |title=Dehydration and persistence hunting in Homo erectus |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248419300077 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=138 |pages=102682 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102682 |pmid=31770677 |bibcode=2020JHumE.13802682H |via=Science Direct|url-access=subscription }}
Other mammals
File:Wolves and elk (cropped).jpg
Wolves,{{Cite book |last1=Mech |last2=Smith |last3=MacNulty |title=Wolves on the Hunt: The Behavior of Wolves Hunting Wild Prey |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-226-25514-9 |pages=82–89}}{{cite journal |last1=Thurber |first1=J. M. |last2=Peterson |first2=R. O. |title=Effects of Population Density and Pack Size on the Foraging Ecology of Gray Wolves |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |date=30 November 1993 |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=879–889 |doi=10.2307/1382426 |jstor=1382426}} dingoes,{{Cite book |last=Corbett |first=L. K. |title=The Dingo in Australia and Asia |publisher=J. B. Books |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-876622-30-5 |pages=102–123}} and painted dogs are known for running large prey down over long distances. All three species will inflict bites in order to further weaken the animal over the course of the hunt. Canids will also pant when hot. This has the double effect of cooling the animal via the evaporation of saliva while also increasing the amount of oxygen absorbed by the lungs. Despite their similar body shape, other canids are opportunistic generalists that can be broadly categorized as pursuit predators.
Wolves may have been initially domesticated due to their similar hunting techniques to humans.{{Cite journal |last1=Larson |first1=Greger |last2=Bradley |first2=Daniel G. |date=2014-01-16 |title=How Much Is That in Dog Years? The Advent of Canine Population Genomics |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=e1004093 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004093 |issn=1553-7390 |pmc=3894154 |pmid=24453989 |doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |last1=Frantz |first1=Laurent A. F. |last2=Bradley |first2=Daniel G. |last3=Larson |first3=Greger |last4=Orlando |first4=Ludovic |title=Animal domestication in the era of ancient genomics |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |date=August 2020 |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=449–460 |doi=10.1038/s41576-020-0225-0 |pmid=32265525 |s2cid=214809393 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03030302/file/Bradley-v3-clean_1581526097_22_LAFF.pdf |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429102524/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03030302/file/Bradley-v3-clean_1581526097_22_LAFF.pdf |url-status=live }} Several breeds of domestic dog have been bred with endurance in mind, such as the malamute, husky and Eskimo dog.{{cn|date=April 2024}}
Spotted hyenas utilize a variety of hunting techniques depending on their chosen prey. They will occasionally use a similar strategy to canid endurance hunters.
Reptiles
File:Komodo Dragon Eating Rinca.jpg eating a water buffalo. Persistence predators can hunt prey many times their size.]]
No extant members of Archelosauria are known to be long-distance hunters, though various bird species may employ speedy pursuit predation. Living crocodilians and carnivorous turtles are specialized ambush predators and rarely if ever chase prey over great distances.
Within Squamata, varanid lizards possess a well developed ventricular septum that completely separates the pulmonary and systemic sides of the circulatory system during systole—this unique heart structure allows varanids to run faster over longer distances than other lizards. They also utilize a forked tongue to track injured prey over large distances after a failed ambush. Several monitor lizard species such as Komodo dragons also utilize venom to ensure the death of their prey.{{Cite journal |last1=Fry |first1=Bryan G. |last2=Wroe |first2=Stephen |last3=Teeuwisse |first3=Wouter |last4=van Osch |first4=Matthias J. P. |last5=Moreno |first5=Karen |last6=Ingle |first6=Janette |last7=McHenry |first7=Colin |last8=Ferrara |first8=Toni |last9=Clausen |first9=Phillip |last10=Scheib |first10=Holger |last11=Winter |first11=Kelly L. |last12=Greisman |first12=Laura |last13=Roelants |first13=Kim |last14=van der Weerd |first14=Louise |last15=Clemente |first15=Christofer J. |date=2009-06-02 |title=A central role for venom in predation by Varanus komodoensis (Komodo Dragon) and the extinct giant Varanus (Megalania) priscus |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=106 |issue=22 |pages=8969–8974 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0810883106 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=2690028 |pmid=19451641 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.8969F |doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |last1=Fry |first1=Bryan G. |last2=Vidal |first2=Nicolas |last3=Norman |first3=Janette A. |last4=Vonk |first4=Freek J. |last5=Scheib |first5=Holger |last6=Ramjan |first6=S. F. Ryan |last7=Kuruppu |first7=Sanjaya |last8=Fung |first8=Kim |last9=Blair Hedges |first9=S. |last10=Richardson |first10=Michael K. |last11=Hodgson |first11=Wayne. C. |last12=Ignjatovic |first12=Vera |last13=Summerhayes |first13=Robyn |last14=Kochva |first14=Elazar |title=Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes |journal=Nature |date=February 2006 |volume=439 |issue=7076 |pages=584–588 |doi=10.1038/nature04328 |pmid=16292255 |bibcode=2006Natur.439..584F |s2cid=4386245}}
Extinct species
File:Sprawling_and_erect_hip_joints_-_horizontal.svg
Little evidence exists for endurance hunting in extinct species, though potential candidates include the dire wolf Aenocyon dirus due to its similar body shape to modern grey wolves.
Non-avian theropod dinosaurs such as derived tyrannosauroids and troodontids display cursorial adaptions{{Cite journal |last1=Persons IV |first1=W. Scott |last2=Currie |first2=Philip J. |date=2016-01-27 |title=An approach to scoring cursorial limb proportions in carnivorous dinosaurs and an attempt to account for allometry |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=19828 |doi=10.1038/srep19828 |pmid=26813782 |pmc=4728391 |bibcode=2016NatSR...619828P |issn=2045-2322}} which may have allowed for long-distance running. Derived theropods may have also had an avian style flow-through lung, allowing for highly efficient oxygen exchange.
Some non-mammalian theriodonts may have been capable of running relatively long distances due to their limbs having an erect stance as opposed to the sprawling stance of contemporary synapsids and reptiles.
See also
References
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