Phake language
{{Short description|Kra–Dai language spoken in Assam, India}}
{{use dmy dates |date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Phake
|nativename={{lang|phk|(တႝ)ၸႃကေ}}
|states=India
|region=Assam
|ethnicity=Tai Phake people
|speakers=2,000
|date=2007
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Kradai
|fam2=Tai
|fam3=Southwestern
|fam4=Northwestern
|script=Burmese script
(Phake variation,
called Lik-Tai){{cite journal |last1=Diller |first1=Anthony |title=Tai languages in Assam: Daughters or Ghosts |date=1992 |pages=5–43 |journal=Papers on Tai languages, linguistics and literatures |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/diller1992tai.pdf}}
|iso3=phk
|glotto=phak1238
|glottorefname=Phake
}}
The Phake language or Tai Phake language ({{lang|phk|တႝၸႃကေ}}, {{Transliteration|phk|tai phākae}}) is a Tai language spoken in the Buri Dihing Valley of Assam, India. It is closely related to the other Southwestern Tai languages in Assam: Aiton, Khamti, Khamyang, and Turung.
Distribution
Buragohain (1998) lists the following Tai Phake villages.
- Man Phake Tau (Namphake village, Assam)
- Man Tipam (Tipam Phake village, Assam)
- Man Phake Neu (Bor Phake village, Assam)
- Man Mo (Man Mo village, Assam)
- Man Phaneng (Phaneng village, Assam)
- Man Long (Long village, Assam)
- Man Nonglai (Nonglaui village, Assam)
- Man Monglang (Monglang village, Assam)
- Man Nigam (Nigam village, Assam)
- Man Wagun (Wagun village, Arunachal Pradesh)
- Man Lung Kung (Lung Kung village, Arunachal Pradesh)
| class="wikitable"
|+Tai Phake Villages (Morey 2005:22) !c=01| Tai name !c=02| Translation of Tai name !c=04| District |
| c=01| ma꞉n3 pha꞉4 ke꞉5 taü3
|c=02| Lower Phake village |c=03| Namphakey |c=04| Dibrugarh |
| c=01| ma꞉n3 pha꞉k4 ta꞉5
|c=02| Other side of the river village |c=03| Tipam Phake |c=04| Dibrugarh |
| c=01| ma꞉n3 pha꞉4 ke꞉5 nɔ6
|c=02| Upper Phake village |c=03| Borphake |c=04| Tinsukia |
| c=01| niŋ1 kam4
|c=02| Ning kam Nagas |c=03| Nigam Phake |c=04| Tinsukia |
| c=01| ma꞉n3 pha꞉4 naiŋ2
|c=02| Red sky village |c=03| Faneng |c=04| Tinsukia |
| c=01| məŋ2 la꞉ŋ2
|c=02| Country of the Lang Nagas |c=03| Mounglang |c=04| Tinsukia |
| c=01| məŋ2 mɔ1
|c=02| Mine village |c=03| Man Mau |c=04| Tinsukia |
| c=01| ma꞉n3 loŋ6
|c=02| Big village |c=03| Man Long |c=04| Tinsukia |
| c=01| nauŋ1 lai6
|c=02| Nong Lai Nagas |c=03| Nonglai |c=04| - |
The {{IPA|phk|maːn˧|}} corresponds to the modern Thai ban ({{lang|th|บ้าน}}) and Shan wan ({{lang|shn|ဝၢၼ်ႈ}}), which mean 'village'.
(Note: For an explanation of the notation system for Tai tones, see Proto-Tai language#Tones.)
Phonology
=Initial consonants=
Tai Phake has the following initial consonants
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Bilabial ! colspan="2" | Alveolar ! colspan="2" | Palatal ! colspan="2" | Velar ! Glottal |
|---|
| class=small
! voiceless ! voiced ! voiceless ! voiced ! voiceless ! voiced ! voiceless ! voiced ! voiceless |
| rowspan="2" | Plosive
! Tenuis | {{IPA link|p}} || || {{IPA link|t}} || || {{IPA link|c}} || || {{IPA link|k}} || || {{IPA link|ʔ}} |
| Aspirated
| {{IPA link|pʰ}} || || {{IPA link|tʰ}} || || || || {{IPA link|kʰ}} || || |
| colspan="2"| Nasal
||| {{IPA link|m}} || || {{IPA link|n}} || || || || {{IPA link|ŋ}} || |
| colspan="2"| Fricative
| || || {{IPA link|s}} || || || || || || {{IPA link|h}} |
| colspan="2"| Lateral
| || || || {{IPA link|l}} || || || || || |
| colspan="2"| Semi-vowel
| {{IPA link|w}} || || || || || {{IPA link|j}} || || || |
=Final consonants=
Tai Phake has the following final consonants:
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Bilabial ! colspan="2" | Alveolar ! colspan="2" | Velar ! Glottal |
|---|
| class=small
! voiceless ! voiced ! voiceless ! voiced ! voiced ! voiceless ! voiced ! voiceless |
| Plosive
! Tenuis | {{IPA link|p}} || || {{IPA link|t}} || || || {{IPA link|k}} || || {{IPA link|ʔ}} |
| colspan="2" | Nasal
| || {{IPA link|m}}|| || {{IPA link|n}}|| || || {{IPA link|ŋ}}|| |
| colspan="2" | Semi-vowel
| {{IPA link|w}} || || || || {{IPA link|j}}|| || || |
-[w] occurs after front vowels and [a]-, -[j] occurs after back vowels and [a]-.
= Vowels =
Tai Phake has the following vowel inventory:{{cite book|last1=Morey |first1=Stephen |chapter=The Tai Languages of Assam |date=2008 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/34802378 |title=The Tai-Kadai Languages |publisher=Routledge |pages=207–253 |isbn=9780203641873}}
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=1 rowspan=3 | ! Front ! colspan="3" | Back |
| class=small
! unr. ! colspan=2 | unr. ! rnd. |
| class=small
! short ! short ! long ! short |
| Close
| {{IPA link|i}} | {{IPA link|ɯ}} | | {{IPA link|u}} |
|---|
| Mid
| {{IPA link|e}} | {{IPA link|ɤ}} | | {{IPA link|o}} |
| Open
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} | {{IPA link|a}} | {{IPA link|aː}} | {{IPA link|ɔ}} |
Writing system
{{See also|Burmese script|Burmese alphabet}}
The Tai Phake have their own writing system called 'Lik-Tai', which they share with the Khamti people and Tai Aiton people. It closely resembles the Northern Shan script of Myanmar, which is a variant of the Burmese script, with some of the letters taking divergent shapes.{{cite journal |last1=Inglis |first1=Douglas |title=Myanmar-based Khamti Shan Orthography |journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |date=2017 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34791306}}
=Consonants=
| class="wikitable" |
| {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=က|iso=k|ipa=[k]}}
| {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ၵ|iso=kh|ipa=[kʰ]}} | {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=င|iso=ng|ipa=[ŋ]}} |
| {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ꩡ|iso=ch|ipa=[t͡ʃ], [t͡s]}}
| {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ꩬ|iso=s|ipa=[s]}} | {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ၺ|iso=ny|ipa=[ɲ]{{cite web |url=http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn11/UTN11_4.pdf |title=Representing Myanmar in Unicode: Details and Examples Version 4 |first=Martin |last=Hosken |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=Unicode}}}} |
| {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=တ|iso=t|ipa=[t]}}
| {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ထ|iso=th|ipa=[tʰ]}} | {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ꩫ|iso=n|ipa=[n]}} |
| {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ပ|iso=p|ipa=[p]}}
| {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ၸ|iso=ph|ipa=[pʰ]}} | {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=မ|iso=m|ipa=[m]}} |
| {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ယ|iso=y|ipa=[j]}}
| {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=လ|iso=l|ipa=[l]}} | {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ဝ|iso=w|ipa=[w~v]}} |
| {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ꩭ|iso=h|ipa=[h]}}
| {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ဢ|iso=a|ipa=[ʔ]}} |
=Vowels=
| class="wikitable" |
| {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ႊ|iso=a|ipa=[a]}}
| {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ႃ|iso=ā|ipa=[aː]}} | {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ိ|iso=i|ipa=[i]}} | {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ီ|iso=ī|ipa=[iː]}} | {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ု|iso=u|ipa=[u]}} | {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ူ|iso=ū|ipa=[uː]}} |
| {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ေ|iso=e/ae|ipa=[eː/ɛ]}}
| {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ႝ|iso=ai|ipa=[ai]}} | {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ေႃ|iso=o/aw|ipa=[oː/ɔː]}} | {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ံ|iso=ṁ|ipa=[am]}} | {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ုံ|iso=um|ipa=[um]}} | {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ွံ|iso=om|ipa=[ɔm]}} |
| {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ိုဝ်|iso=eu|ipa=[ɛu]}}
| {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=်ႍ|iso=au|ipa=[au]}} | {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=်ွ|iso=āu|ipa=[aːu]}} | {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ွ|iso=aw|ipa=[ɒ]}} | {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=ွႝ|iso=oi|ipa=[oj]}} | {{letter|l=phk|s=Mymr|ch=်|notes=final consonant{{cite web |title=Tai Phake language, alphabet, and pronunciation |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/taiphake.htm |website=Omniglot |access-date=12 March 2024}}|iso=|ipa=}} |
Notes
{{Reflist}}
References
{{refbegin}}
- Buragohain, Yehom. 1998. "Some notes on the Tai Phakes of Assam, in Shalardchai Ramitanondh Virada Somswasdi and Ranoo Wichasin." In Tai, pp. 126–143. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Chiang Mai University.
- Morey, Stephen. 2005. The Tai languages of Assam: a grammar and texts. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
{{refend}}
{{Tai-Kadai languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}