Phalotris
{{Short description|Genus of snakes}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Phalotris matogrossensis 40340761.jpg
| image_caption = Phalotris matogrossensis
| taxon = Phalotris
| authority = Cope, 1862
| subdivision_ranks = Species
}}
Phalotris is a genus of snakes in the subfamily Dipsadinae of the family Colubridae. All species of the genus Phalotris are native to South America. The specific name, mertensi, is in honor of German herpetologist Robert Mertens.Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (Phalotris mertensi, p. 176). The specific name, normanscotti, is in honor of Norman Scott, Jr., in recognition of his contribution to the knowledge of the herpetofauna of Paraguay.{{EMBL species|genus=Phalotris|species=normanscotti}} www.reptile-database.org.
Venom
The venom of the genus Phalotris was poorly characterized, due to the low amount produced by snakes of the family Colubridae. A more detailed characterization of particularly interesting proteins could only be viable by obtaining recombinant proteins. However, there is a report of an incident of snakebite by a Phalotris, which resulted in headache, local and oral mucosa hemorrhage, edema, and renal failure. Another incident report occurred with a 37-year-old biologist, whose symptoms were immediate local pain, bleeding, and edema. A few hours later, there was headache, systemic hemorrhage, fever, myalgia, and dark urine. A study of the venom of Phalotris mertensi showed a myotoxic action three times greater than Bothrops jararaca.{{Cite web |title=O27-Envenomation by Phalotris trilineatus in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A case report |url=http://www.jvat.org.br/full/parte1/c-1997/volume_3/number_1/symposium_1996/posters_81_109/o27-jvat_sbtx_poster_106.htm |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=www.jvat.org.br}}{{Cite web |title=Trends in the Evolution of Snake Toxins Underscored by an Integrative Omics Approach to Profile the Venom of the Colubrid Phalotris mertensi |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/8/8/2266/2198055}}
Species
The following 19 species are recognized as being valid.{{EMBL genus|genus=Phalotris}}.
- Phalotris bilineatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) – Dumeril's diadem snake
- Phalotris concolor Ferrarezzi, 1993
- Phalotris cuyanus (Cei, 1984)
- Phalotris illustrator Scrocchi, Giraudo & Nenda, 2022
- Phalotris labiomaculatus de Lema, 2002
- Phalotris lativittatus Ferrarezzi, 1993
- Phalotris lemniscatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) – Duméril's diadem snake, Pampeana black headed snake
- Phalotris matogrossensis de Lema, D'Agostini & Cappellari, 2005 – Mato Grosso burrowing snake
- Phalotris mertensi (Hoge, 1955)
- Phalotris multipunctatus Puorto & Ferrarezzi, 1993
- Phalotris nasutus (Gomes, 1915)
- Phalotris nigrilatus Ferrarezzi, 1993
- Phalotris normanscotti Cabral & Cacciali, 2015 – Chaco burrowing snake
- Phalotris reticulatus (W. Peters, 1860)
- Phalotris sansebastiani Jansen & G. Köhler, 2008
- Phalotris shawnella P. Smith, Brouard & Cacciali, 2022{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Paul |author1-link=species:Paul Smith |last2=Brouard |first2=Jean-Paul|author2-link=species:Jean-Paul Brouard |last3=Cacciali |first3=Pier |author3-link=species:Pier Cacciali |date=2022 |title=A new species of Phalotris (Serpentes, Colubridae, Elapomorphini) from Paraguay |url=https://zse.pensoft.net/article/61064/list/9/ |journal=Zoosystematics and Evolution |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=77–85 |doi=10.3897/zse.98.61064 |access-date=2022-05-23|doi-access=free }}
- Phalotris spegazzinii (Boulenger, 1913)
- Phalotris suspectus (Amaral, 1924) – Dumeril's diadem snake
- Phalotris tricolor (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) – tricolored burrowing snake
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Phalotris.
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- Cope ED (1862). "Observations upon certain Cyprinoid fish in Pennsylvania; on Elapomorphus, Sympholis, and Coniophanes ". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 13: 522–524. (Phalotris, new genus, p. 524).
- Cacciali, Pier; Mee, George; Plettenberg Laing, Anthony; Krause, Danilo; Mclaughlin, Chloe; Montgomery, Ryan; Smith, Paul (2020). "Morphological Re-Examination of the Endemic Paraguayan Snake Phalotris nigrilatus Ferrarezzi, 1993 (Serpentes: Colubridae: Elapomorphini), with Notes on Its Ecology and Conservation Status." Current Herpetology 39 (1): 28–37. [https://herpco.com/new-phalotris-nigrilatus www.herpco.com].
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