Philippinite
{{Short description|Name given to tektites found in the Philippines}}
File:Philippinite.jpg, Philippines. The specimen weighs 73g and is about 56 mm wide]]
File:Philippinite Tektite Texture.jpg
Philippinites, or rizalites are tektites found in the Philippines. They are considered to be about 710,000 years old on the average{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Ethno/Geology/Tektites.html|title=Tektites|date=February 10, 2014|website=www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph|publisher=National Museum of the Philippines|access-date=2019-02-06}} and generally ranging in size from millimeters to centimeters.{{Cite web|url=http://www.tektitesource.com/Bikolites.html|title=Philippinites: Rizalites, Bikolites & Andas!!!|website=www.tektitesource.com|access-date=2019-02-06}} Their age corresponds with the age of other tektites in the Australian strewn tektite field. In 1964, a very large philippinite, weighing {{convert|226.3|g|lb|abbr=off}} with dimensions 6.5 x 6.2 x 5.2 cm, was purchased by the University of California, Los Angeles Department of Astronomy.{{Cite journal |last=Leonard |first=F. C. |date=1955 |title=A Large Tektite from the Philippines |journal=Meteoritics |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=357|bibcode=1955Metic...1..357L }} The heaviest philippinite ever found weighs {{convert|1,281.89|g|lb|abbr=off}} in its splash-form{{ref label|id1|Note 1|1}}, which is also the heaviest tektite of this kind.{{Cite web|url=http://www.tektites.co.uk/largest_tektites.html|title=Largest Tektites - TEKTITES|website=www.tektites.co.uk|access-date=2019-02-06}}
Etymology
The term rizalite was named after the Philippine province of Rizal where the first black tektites were rediscovered in October 1926 at Novaliches (which was then part of Rizal).{{cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a276988.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419051705/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a276988.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=April 19, 2021|title=METEORITICS NO. 19|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|website=United States Department of Defense - Defense Technical Information Center |pages=49–50|author=Ye. S. Burkser|display-authors=etal|date=June 1964|access-date=6 February 2019}} Although, it was only in 1928 that the term was proposed by American anthropologist H. Otley Beyer, dubbed as the father of Philippine tektite studies, to refer to tektites found in the Philippines.{{Cite web|url=https://www.meteorite-times.com/norms-tektite-teasers-part-two-of-three-philippinites-the-classics/|title=Norm's Tektite Teasers: (Part two of three): Philippinites: The Classics|last=Lehrman|first=Norm|date=September 1, 2018|website=Meteorite Times Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-06}} Philippinite has become the more favored term because other tektites were found in other areas of the Philippines such as the Bicol region and the town of Anda in the province of Pangasinan.{{Cite web|url=https://www.tektites.info/local-tektite-names|title=TEKTITES INFO - Local Tektite Names|last=Whymark|first=Aubrey|date=2017|website=www.tektites.info|access-date=2019-02-06}} Some early authors referred to Philippine tektites as "obsidianites" but that too has fallen out of use due to the introduction of the term philippinite by succeeding authors.
Uses
In ancient Philippines, tektites were used by early settlers in the Philippines as arrowheads and other tools as well as decorative purposes. During the Philippine Iron Age, due to the polish features of philippinites found in graves, it was evidenced that philippinites were used as amulets or charms.{{cite web|url=https://museumsvictoria.com.au/media/5617/jmmv19592301.pdf|title=Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria - TEKTITES|last=Baker|first=George|date=1 July 1959|website=Museums Victoria|pages=13, 187|language=en|access-date=6 February 2019}} In modern times, it is generally used as a collector's item.
Composition
The following table details the chemical composition of philippinite:
| class="wikitable" |
| Oxides
! Content ! Number of |
|---|
| SiO2
| align="center"| 70.66-71.64 | align="center"| 4 |
| TiO2
| align="center"| 0.63-1.04 | align="center"| 4 |
| Al2O3
| align="center"| 12.08-13.52 | align="center"| 4 |
| Fe2O3
| align="center"| 0.59-2.03 | align="center"| 3 |
| FeO
| align="center"| 3.03-5.32 | align="center"| 4 |
| MnO
| align="center"| 0.08-0.16 | align="center"| 4 |
| CaO
| align="center"| 2.95-3.42 | align="center"| 4 |
| MgO
| align="center"| 2.23-3.65 | align="center"| 4 |
| Na2O
| align="center"| 1.21-1.66 | align="center"| 4 |
| K2O
| align="center"| 1.69-2.28 | align="center"| 4 |
| H2O+
| align="center"| 0.15-0.63 | align="center"| 4 |
| H2O−
|align="center"| Traces |align="center"| 1 |
| P2O5
| align="center"| 0.10-0.18 | align="center"| 3 |
Notes
:#{{note label|id1||1}} Splash-form tektites are tektites that are shaped like spheres, ellipsoids, teardrops, dumbbells, and other forms.{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/tektite|title=tektite {{!}} Properties, Distribution, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-02-07}} They have shaped this way due to the ejecta or splash of silicate liquid following a meteorite impact, scattering them to a distance up to thousands of kilometers.{{Cite journal|last1=Butler|first1=S.L.|last2=Stauffer|first2=M.R.|last3=Sinha|first3=G.|last4=Lilly|first4=A.|last5=Spiteri|first5=R.J.|date=25 January 2011|title=The shape distribution of splash-form tektites predicted by numerical simulations of rotating fluid drops|journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=667|pages=358–368|doi=10.1017/s0022112010005641|bibcode=2011JFM...667..358B }}