Pholo language

{{Infobox language

|name=Pholo

|nativename=

|states=China

|region=

|ethnicity=Phula

|speakers=30,000

|date=2011

|ref=e18

|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan

|fam2=Tibeto-Burman

|fam3=Lolo-Burmese

|fam4=Loloish

|fam5=Nisoish

|fam6=(unclassified)

|iso3=yip

|glotto=phol1235

|glottorefname=Pholo

}}

Pholo (autonym: {{IPA|pʰo55 lo55}}) is an unclassified Loloish language of Yunnan, China. Although culturally associated with the Phula languages, {{harvcoltxt|Pelkey|2011}} does not consider it to be linguistically related to the Phula languages.

Pholo speakers are also referred to as Black Phula and Flowery Phula.{{sfnp|Pelkey|2011|p=176}}

Classification

{{harvcoltxt|Pelkey|2011|p=353}} specifically excludes Pholo, noting that it does not share the defining features of Southeastern Loloish. However, {{harvcoltxt|Lama|2012}} classifies Pholo as a Southeastern Loloish language, and considers it to be most closely related to Zokhuo

Distribution

Pholo speakers are most densely concentrated in:{{sfnp|Pelkey|2011|p=176}}

Aji Township, Yanshan County
eastern Tianxing Township, Qiubei County

Other Pholo speakers are found in:{{sfnp|Pelkey|2011|p=176}}

eastern Yanshan County
Pingzhai Township, Qiubei County
western Guangnan County
Xinzhai Township, Malipo County

Vocabulary

The following Pholo lexical items along with their Proto-Ngwi (Proto-Loloish) reconstructed proto-forms are from {{harvcoltxt|Pelkey|2011|p=390}}.

class="wikitable sortable" ! Gloss !! Pholo !! Proto-Ngwi
bee	{{IPA\|bjɯ³³}}	*bya²
taro	{{IPA\|bjɑ⁵³}}	*blum²
silver	{{IPA\|pʰi³³}}	*plu¹
face	{{IPA\|pʰjɔ⁵⁵}}	*pyu²
destroy	{{IPA\|pe̠⁴⁵}}	*pyak^H
change	{{IPA\|pʰjɑ̠⁴⁵}}	*C-plek^L
pus	{{IPA\|ᵐbjɑ³³}}	*m-bliŋ¹
full	{{IPA\|phɑ̠²¹}}	*m-bliŋ³
fly (v.)	{{IPA\|bi⁵³}}	*b-yam¹
lightning		*b-lyap^L
release	{{IPA\|pʰjɑ³³}}	*pyiŋ²
eagle	{{IPA\|to³³}}	*ʔ-glaŋ²
stab		*m-gya²
excrement	{{IPA\|tʰæ³³}}	*ʔ-kle²
load (v.)	{{IPA\|ʦɯ⁵⁵}}	*ʔ-kun³/²

Most, but not all, of the Pholo words above do not share the following innovations that define Southeastern Ngwi.{{sfnp|Pelkey|2011|p=365}}

Proto-Ngwi *{{IPA|ʔ-k}} and *{{IPA|ʔ-ɡl}} > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *{{IPA|tɬ}} (modern reflexes: tɬ, kɬ, k, t, ɬ, etc.)
Proto-Ngwi *{{IPA|pl/j}} and *{{IPA|ʔ-kl}} > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *{{IPA|tɬʰ}} (modern reflexes: tɬʰ, kɬʰ, kʰ, tʰ, ɬ, etc.)
Proto-Ngwi *{{IPA|bl/j}} and *{{IPA|ɡl}} > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *{{IPA|dɮ}} (modern reflexes: dɮ, ɡɮ, ɡ, d, etc.)
Proto-Ngwi *{{IPA|m-pl/j}} and *{{IPA|m-bl/j}} > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *{{IPA|ndɮ}} (modern reflexes: ndɮ, ŋɡɮ, nd, etc.)

Other Pholo words from {{harvcoltxt|Pelkey|2011|p=301}}:

{{IPA|qɑ̠⁴⁵lɑ̠⁴⁵}} (neck)
{{IPA|ᵐbjɑ⁵⁵ʑɛ²¹}} (pus)
{{IPA|phɑ̠²¹}} (full)
{{IPA|χɑ⁵⁵}} (long)
{{IPA|mɑ⁵⁵}} (name)
{{IPA|mɑ̠⁴⁵}} (cooked)

More Pholo words are documented in {{harvcoltxt|YYFC|1983}}, part of which are quoted in {{harvcoltxt|Lama|2012}}.

Notes

References

{{Cite thesis |last=Lama |first=Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan |title=Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages: A Study From the Perspectives of Shared Innovation and Phylogenetic Estimation |date=2012 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Texas at Arlington |language=en |hdl=10106/11161 |hdl-access=free}}
{{Cite book |last=Pelkey |first=Jamin R. |title=Dialectology as Dialectic: Interpreting Phula Variation |date=2011 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-3-11-024585-1 |location=Berlin |doi=10.1515/9783110245851}}
{{Cite book |title=Yúnnán Yíyǔ fāngyán cíyǔ huìbiān |date=1983 |publisher=Yunnan minzu xueyuan chubanshe |editor-last=Yunnan minzu daxue ge yunnan minzu yuwen zhidao gongzuo weiyuan |editor-mask=Yunnan minzu daxue ge yunnan minzu yuwen zhidao gongzuo weiyuan (YYFC) 云南民族大学格云南民族语文指导工作委员会编 |location=Kunming |language=zh |script-title=zh:云南彝语方言词语汇编 |trans-title=A Collection of Yi Dialects’ Lexicon in Yunnan |ref={{harvid|YYFC|1983}}}} (Handwritten Mimeograph).

Category:Loloish languages