Phouoibi

Phouoibi or Phouleima literally means Lady of the Paddy in Meitei (Manipuri).{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&dq=phou-oibi+lady+paddy+plenty+rice+goddess+fickle&pg=PA334|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Paniker|first=K. Ayyappa|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0365-5|language=en}} Phou (Fou) means "unhusked rice", paddy. "Oibi" is derived from the verb "oiba" (meaning "to become") with the feminine suffix "i".{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461915/page/n147/mode/1up?q=Phouoibi+supreme+mother+Leimalel+unhusked+rice+paddy+oibi+oiba+paddy&view=theater|title=A Critical Study Of The Religious Philosophy|last=Singh|first=L. Bhagyachandra|date=1991|pages=147}}

Phouoibi is a goddess who is very fickle in love. She fell in love with many mortals. However, she does not live permanently with anyone of them. She went to many places and made love with many mortals only to discard them later. She lived with her favorite lover for some time and later left him. Her nature symbolizes that wealth does not last long. There were frequent wars and natural calamities in ancient times. So, the goddess of paddy is described as very inconstant in favouring to the mankind.

According to Meitei culture, the anger of Phouoibi was provoked with the neglect of paddy or rice. The rites and rituals dedicated to the goddess were regularly performed. By doing this, possible misfortunes were warded off that could have came to the peasants.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3rJ3DQAAQBAJ&q=neglect+of+paddy+or+rice+provoked+the+anger+of+Phouoibi+%28Goddess+of+paddy%29.+The+rites+and+rituals+of+the+goddess+were+performed+to+ward+off+possible+misfortunes+that+could+come+to+the+peasants.&pg=PT173|title=Orality: the Quest for Meanings|last=Khiangte|first=Zothanchhingi|date=2016-10-28|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-8671-9|language=en}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_xsAwAAQBAJ&q=handful+of+rice+are+offered+to+the+gods%2C+with+a+prayer+for+protection+from+all+dangers.+The+farmer+prays+for+a+doubling+of+the+previous+year%27s+yield.+After+the+harvest%2C+Phoureima+or+Phouoibi%2C+goddess+of+rice%2C+and+Phounngthou&pg=PT384|title=Sacred Plants of India|last=Krishna|first=Nanditha|date=2014-05-15|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5118-691-5|language=en}}

Once Phouoibi (Fouoibi) set out for a journey along with her sisters (friends in another version), Ngaleima and Thumleima. In Moirang, when the goddess was about to cross a river, Akongjamba came to the spot for hunting. Akongjamba and Phouoibi fell in love at first sight.

After some time passed, Phouoibi visited the house of Akongjamba. She disguised herself as a tribal woman (haonupi or haonubi). Akongjamba was not there but Akongjamba's mother did not give her good hospitality. Akongjamba's mother was about to hit Phouoibi (disguised as a tribal woman) with a swiping broom. If the broom touched the goddess, all her magical powers will get lost. So, Phouoibi fled to a coop (henhouse). She transfigured herself as a chicken. Akongjamba's mother followed her and counted the number of chicken.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxovEAAAQBAJ&dq=phouoibi&pg=PT30|title=And That Is Why... Manipuri Myths Retold|last=Roy|first=L. Somi|date=2021-06-21|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-91149-65-9|language=en}} She found the number of chicken exactly as it was, neither more nor less. So, she went back to her home. Phouoibi spent the night inside the filthy and smelly henhouse. On the next day, she once again took her original form of a beautiful maiden in a glowing dress. She called Akongjamba's mother to come out. She told her that she wanted to give her the payment for spending a night at hers. She shook an enormous heap of golden grain off her body in the middle of the front yard of the house. Then, Phouoibi left the place travelling towards south east. Akongjamba's mother remained surprised.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxovEAAAQBAJ&dq=phouoibi&pg=PT30|title=And That Is Why... Manipuri Myths Retold|last=Roy|first=L. Somi|date=2021-06-21|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-91149-65-9|language=en}}

In another version of the story, Phouoibi stayed a night at the yenakha (left or right side of the house). The place where the goddess stayed came to be known as Phayeng (fai or phai means to stay).

Later, Akongjamba returned home and found the pile of golden grain as high as a hill in front of the courtyard. When asked, his mother told him all the story. He realised that the lady was Phouoibi. He followed and caught up with her. He pleaded her to return home and live together. But she refused his proposal. She told him that they are not destined to be together to accomplish their work at that birth. Saying this, she left him sorrowfully.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxovEAAAQBAJ&dq=phouoibi&pg=PT30|title=And That Is Why... Manipuri Myths Retold|last=Roy|first=L. Somi|date=2021-06-21|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-91149-65-9|language=en}}

As Phouoibi travelled towards southeast, she reached a riverbank. She did not know how deep the river was. At that moment, a deer appeared on the other side of the river. She asked the deer if the river was shallow or not. The deer lied telling her that the river was not deep. Phouoibi went down the river. She could not swim and got drowned.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxovEAAAQBAJ&dq=phouoibi&pg=PT30|title=And That Is Why... Manipuri Myths Retold|last=Roy|first=L. Somi|date=2021-06-21|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-91149-65-9|language=en}}

A small ngamhai fish was also swimming there. It helped the drowning goddess to reach the shore of the next riverbank. She thanked the little creature and granted it a boon that it will shine like a mirror in the gleaming water. She wished that the ballad singers will always praise the fish for its silvery beauty whenever they retold her story.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxovEAAAQBAJ&dq=phouoibi&pg=PT30|title=And That Is Why... Manipuri Myths Retold|last=Roy|first=L. Somi|date=2021-06-21|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-91149-65-9|language=en}}

Then, she glared at the deer. She cursed the deer and all its species that if they tried to eat her creation, paddy, then all their teeth will be fallen. So, still today, deer never eat paddy because of the fear that their teeth will fall out.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxovEAAAQBAJ&dq=phouoibi&pg=PT30|title=And That Is Why... Manipuri Myths Retold|last=Roy|first=L. Somi|date=2021-06-21|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-91149-65-9|language=en}}

Poinu (November-December interface month) is the Meitei lunar month of harvesting and the granary must not be disturbed. Its subsequent month Wakching (December-January interface month) is the time during which Goddess Phouoibi is worshipped.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&q=Poinu+is+the+month+of+harvest+when+the+granary+must+not+be+disturbed+and+Wakching+is+the+month+during+which+Phouoibi+the+goddess+of+paddy+is+worshipped.&pg=PA37|title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture|last=Devi|first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi|date=16 June 2019 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-359-72919-7|language=en}}{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp23..081213.dec13|title=Irat Thouni of Phouoibi|website=e-pao.net}}

File:Page 447 illustration Folk-Lore, vol. 24.png in 1913

{{Ordered list

| list_style_type = upper-alpha|A mat with the offerings of fruits and vegetables at the four corners.|Poles supporting a white canopy.|Vegetables and a Sareng fish offered to the goddess.|Seven varieties of paddy.|Offerings to the seven Lairembis, on a cloth.|Offerings to the nine Umang Lais.|A flag.|A pot in which to cook the offerings.

}}

{{Ordered list |list_style_type=upper-alpha|start=13|The Maiba.}}]]

Goddess Phouoibi is offered fruits and vegetables in the four corners of a specially prepared place. The place is divided into three sections. At each division, seeds are sown. The goddess is invoked by the maibas with the sacrifice of black hen and the offering of rice beer.{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108375/page/92/mode/1up?q=Phouoibi+maiba+black+hen+rice+beer+satisfactory+good+crops&view=theater|title=Religion Of Manipur|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini|date=1980|publisher=Firma Klm|pages=92}}

If the previous year's crop harvest was good, the maiba prayed to the goddess to give them good crops that year too. And if the previous year's crop harvest was not satisfactory, the maiba prayed to the goddess to give them satisfactory crops with no insects that year.

Rice and flowers on the banana leaves are thrown up on the harvest field by the farmers.

After threshing, Phou Kouba (calling the paddy/rice) ceremony is performed.{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108375/page/93/mode/1up?q=Phou+kouba+threshing+rice+mishap+theft+burning+paddy+cow+trespasses+sareng+fish&view=theater|title=Religion Of Manipur|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini|date=1980|publisher=Firma Klm|pages=93}} Phoukourol (Phoukouron or Phougourol or Phougouron) is a hymn for summoning the spirit of the paddy.

Phoukou (Phougou) song is sung like this:

"He Lairemma Phouoibi!

Toi Toi Toi

Thangee Phoubi Peibiro!

Toi Toi Toi

Chaku Lankubiro!

Toi Toi Toi

Thangeena Chingdum Sabiro!

Toi Toi Toi

Ho Lairemma Phouoibi!

Toi Toi Toi"

To have abundant crop harvest, the Meitei people sing Phougou Eshei.{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.language.1356/page/n27/mode/1up?q=Phouoibi&view=theater|title=Oral Narratives of Manipur|last=Dr. Chirom Rajketan Singh|date=2016|pages=27}}

It is generally sung during harvest.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5eBAAAAMAAJ&q=Phoukourol+summoning+spirit+paddy|title=Folk Culture of Manipur|last=Singh|first=Moirangthem Kirti|date=1993|publisher=Manas Publications|isbn=978-81-7049-063-0|language=en}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiBkAAAAMAAJ&q=phoukouron+harvesting|title=A History of Manipuri Literature|last=Singh|first=Ch Manihar|date=1996|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0086-9|language=en}} It is done before the crop is stored in the granary. Goddess Phouoibi is worshipped with Phou Ningthou, the god of rice. Farmers prayed to the two deities for a doubling of the previous year's yield, after the harvest.

The Phou Kouba (calling the paddy/rice) ceremony is more frequently performed in case of mis-happenings to the farmers. Mis-happenings may be theft or burning of the paddy/rice, an animal like cow trespasses the threshing ground, etc. People believe that these are all because of the absence of the goddess. So, they perform the rites and rituals to induce the goddess to stay at their places.

In such cases, Sareng fish (Wallago attu, helicopter catfish) with rice is the most important offering to goddess Phouoibi. It should be cooked with herbs and not with spices.

The Sharotkhaibam (Sorokhaibam) family members used to invoke goddess Phouoibi in ancient times.

Phouoibi is often identified as a manifestation of the Goddess Panthoibi. Many legends say that Panthoibi became Phouoibi after a metamorphosis.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dF0oCgAAQBAJ&q=phouibi+panthoibi+metamorphosis+goddess+grain&pg=PT42|title=Tattooed with Taboos: An Anthology of Poetry by Three Women from Northeast India|last1=Phuritshabam|first1=Chaoba|last2=Ningombam|first2=Shreema|last3=Haripriya|first3=Soibam|date=2015-07-06|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-4851-9|language=en}} She is also regarded as the incarnation of Leimarel Sidabi, the supreme mother earth goddess.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf1jAAAAMAAJ&q=leimarel+phouoileima|title=Chanted Narratives: The Living "katha-vachana" Tradition|last1=Kaushal|first1=Molly|last2=Arts|first2=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the|date=2001|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=978-81-246-0182-2|language=en}}

The goddess Phouleima often appears in ancient potteries. She is signified as a round black stone sitting in a pot. It is placed upon the bed of rice grains inside the granary. It is never kept directly on the ground. As long as the goddess is respected, the granary has no lack of grains.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cj5OAwAAQBAJ&q=phoureima+round+black+stone+sitting+in+a+pot+upon+a+bed+of+rice+grains+%28never+directly+on+the+ground%29+within+the+granary.+So+long+as+the+goddess+is+honored+in+this+way%2C+no+shortage+rice&pg=PA117|title=Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines|last=PhD|first=Patricia Monaghan|date=2014-04-01|publisher=New World Library|isbn=978-1-60868-218-8|language=en}}

The Phouoibi Waron is a 13–14th century Meitei literary work that calls Phouoibi a fickle lady. According to the text, the goddess has love affairs with multiple partners and she always leaves them.{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12897/page/n392/mode/2up?q|title=MEDIEVAL INDIAN LITERATURE AN ANTHOLOGY VOL. 3|last=N.A|date=1959|publisher=SAHITYA AKADEMI, NEW DELHI}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9sljAAAAMAAJ&q=phouoibi|title=Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|language=en}}

The Ningthourol Lambuba relates that Phouoibi and her six friends went to a place called Karan Lambuba. They measured all their walking sticks to see whose was the longest. Phouoibi was found to be the longest of all, by one knot. So, one knot was cut off. The place where the stick was cut off was named Kakmayai (kak means to cut in Manipuri).{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqJVDwAAQBAJ&dq=phouoibi&pg=PT40|title=A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works|last=Devi|first=Nunglekpam Premi|date=2018-04-14|publisher=FSP Media Publications|language=en}}

The Loyumba Shinyen mentions that people of a family named Sharotkhaibam used to invoke the goddess of paddies in ancient times.

• Phou-oibi, the rice goddess is a 2009 ballad opera performed by the Laihui Ensemble. It is based on the story of the goddess and her sisters.{{Cite web|url=http://www.manipur.org/news/2013/03/22/laihui-ensemble-manipur-%E2%80%93-phou-oibi-the-rice-goddess-to-perform-at-esplanade-theatre-studio-singapore/|title=Laihui Ensemble Manipur – Phou-oibi, the Rice Goddess to perform at Esplanade Theatre Studio Singapore|website=www.manipur.org}}{{Cite web|url=http://sgmagazine.com/events/singapore-music-festivals/phou-oibi-rice-goddess-laihui-ensemble|title=Phou-Oibi, the Rice Goddess by Laihui Ensemble|website=sgmagazine.com}}
• Phouoibi Shayon is a 2017 Manipuri mythology film based on the story of the goddess and her sisters.{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..010417.apr17|title=Phouoibi Shayon to be shown at Shankar : 01st apr17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|website=e-pao.net}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.manipur.org/news/2017/03/31/phouoibi-shayon-to-be-shown-at-shankar/|title=Phouoibi Shayon to be shown at Shankar – Manipur News|date=31 March 2017 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/8155-film-release|title=Film Release - Imphal Times|first=Maheshwar|last=Gurumayum|website=www.imphaltimes.com|access-date=15 June 2022|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110202713/https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/8155-film-release|url-status=dead}}

In 1979, two new rice high-yield varieties, Phouoibi (KD6-2-1) and Punshi (KD6-18-7), were developed by the Manipur State Rice Research Center, Wangbal. After these rice varieties became available, they were planted in 75 percent of high-yield rice growing areas. Phouoibi matures in 135 days.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fA7WoWucXDoC&dq=phouoibi&pg=PA8|title=International Rice Research Notes Vol 7 No 5|publisher=IRRI|language=en}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFLNO4m53Y0C&dq=phouoibi&pg=PA10|title=International Rice Research Notes Vol 8 No 1|publisher=IRRI|language=en}} These rice varieties are more likely to be affected by insects than local varieties like Phourel and Moirang Phou.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0iMSgdmp9cC&dq=phouoibi&pg=PA14|title=International Rice Research Notes Vol 7 No 1|publisher=IRRI|language=en}}

Ima Keithel ({{langx|en|Mothers' Market}}), the world's only market run by women, has three major building complexes.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eENU_a8c79MC&q=ima+keithel+market+khwairamband+only+women+world&pg=PA974|title=Encyclopaedia of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh|last=Gupta|first=Om|date=2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8205-389-2|language=en}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjzcDAAAQBAJ&q=ima+market+nupi+keithel+only+women+world&pg=PT37|title=Vyapar Shastra|last=Shivhare|first=Vishal|date=2016-08-17|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8495-898-0|language=en}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbu_AwAAQBAJ&q=ima+keithel+market+only+women+world&pg=PA4|title=The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Visious Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India|last=Singh|first=Dr Th Suresh|date=2014-06-02|publisher=Quills Ink Publishing|isbn=978-93-84318-00-0|language=en}} Phouoibi Ima Keithel isComplex Number 3, preceded by Leimarel Sidabi Ima Keithel (Complex Number 1) and Imoinu Ima Keithel (Complex Number 2).{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/all-women-imphal-market-reopens-after-10-months/articleshow/80974793.cms|title=All-women Imphal market reopens after 10 months|newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 February 2021 }} This 500 years old market is in the center of Imphal, the main city of the State of Manipur.

{{Reflist}}

{{Commonscat|Phouleima}}

{{Wiktionary|Phouoibi}}

{{Wikisource|Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 24, 1913.djvu/485}}

• [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Phouoibi&sin=TXT Phouoibi_INTERNET ARCHIVE]
• [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Phouoibi&sa.x=0&sa.y=0&siteurl=http%3A%2F%2Fe-pao.net%2F%3Ffrom%3Dmobile Phouoibi_e-pao.net]

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Category:Epic cycles of incarnations

Category:Meitei goddesses