Phreatic
{{short description| Term used in several scientific disciplines }}
Phreatic is a term used in hydrology to refer to aquifers, in speleology to refer to cave passages, and in volcanology to refer to a type of volcanic eruption.
Hydrology
The term phreatic (the word originates from the Greek {{Transliteration|el|phrear}}, {{Transliteration|el|phreat-}} meaning "well" or "spring") is used in hydrology and the earth sciences to refer to matters relating to groundwater (an aquifer) below the water table. The term 'phreatic surface' indicates the location where the pore water pressure is under atmospheric conditions (i.e., the pressure head is zero). This surface usually coincides with the water table. The slope of the phreatic surface is assumed to indicate the direction of groundwater movement in an unconfined aquifer.
The phreatic zone, below the phreatic surface where rock and soil are saturated with water, is the counterpart of the vadose zone, or unsaturated zone, above. Unconfined aquifers are also called phreatic aquifers because the phreatic surface provides their upper boundary.
Speleology
In speleogenesis, a division of speleology, 'phreatic action' forms cave passages by dissolving the limestone in all directions,[http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/state/nm/1987-117/sec7-1.htm New Mexico: Bureau of Mines & Mining Bulletin 117 (Part I: Discussion of Deposits and Events)] as opposed to 'vadose action', whereby a stream running in a cave passage erodes a trench in the floor.{{cite web|title=Glossary of Cave-Related Terms|url=http://www.uppercumberlandcaving.net/glossary.html|publisher=Upper Cumberland Grotto Home Cave|access-date=13 November 2010}} It occurs when the passage is full of water, and therefore normally only when it is below the water table, and only if the water is not saturated with calcium carbonate or calcium magnesium carbonate. A cave passage formed in this way is characteristically circular or oval in cross-section as limestone is dissolved on all surfaces.{{cite conference| url =http://www.latrobe.edu.au/geosci/Downloads/pdfs/John%20Webb_Jan%2009/Groundwater/Webb%20&%20Lithco%202001.pdf| title =Use of water chemistry to identify flow conduits in the porous Gambier Limestone, southeast Australia| author =John A. Webb & Stanley Lithco| date =September 2001| conference =7th Conference on Limestone Hydrology and Fissured Media| publisher =Universite de Franche-Comte, Sciences & Techniques de l'Environnement| location =France| isbn =2-905226-14-5| access-date =13 November 2010| quote =Passages are usually narrow vertical fissures, but phreatic tubes, circular or oval in cross-section, are present in some caves...| pages =333–336}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
Many cave passages are formed by a combination of phreatic action followed by vadose action. Such passages form a keyhole cross-section: a round-shaped section at the top and a rectangular trench at the bottom.
Volcanology
{{main|Phreatic eruption}}
A phreatic or steam-blast eruption occurs when magma heats ground or surface water.
Biology
Phreatobites are animals living within the phreatic zone of groundwater aquifers.
Phreatophytes are deep-rooted plants that obtain a significant portion of the water that it needs from the phreatic zone or near it.
See also
- {{annotated link|Phreatic zone}}
- {{annotated link|Vadose zone}}
- {{annotated link|Water content}}
- Category: Aquifer articles
References
{{reflist}}
External links
{{wiktionary | phreatic}}
{{commons category|Underground water|position=left}}
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