Phulmoni Dasi rape case
{{Short description|Phulmoni Dasi Rape Case in 1889}}
The Phulmoni Dasi rape case was a case of child marriage and subsequent marital rape in India in 1889, which resulted in the death of the 10-year-old Hindu girl, Phulmoni Dasi.{{cite book|author=Himani Bannerji|title=Inventing Subjects: Studies in Hegemony, Patriarchy and Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLyDd5QvDd4C&pg=PA75|accessdate=8 December 2014|year=2001|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-073-0|pages=74–76}} The case led to the conviction in 1890 of her 30-year-old husband Hari Mohan Maitee, and triggered several legal reforms.{{cite book|author1=Fernando Coronil|author2=Julie Skurski|title=States of Violence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftne6Ezh5aAC&pg=PA417|accessdate=8 December 2014|year=2006|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-06893-8|page=417}}
Although the autopsy report clearly indicated an injured vagina as the cause of death, the husband was later acquitted of the rape charge because laws on rape excluded marital rape{{Cite web|url = https://www.lawarticle.in/marital-rape-in-india/|title = भारत में वैवाहिक बलात्कार Marital Rape in India in Hindi|date = 5 September 2020|access-date = 22 March 2021|archive-date = 24 February 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230224152029/https://lawarticle.in/marital-rape-in-india/|url-status = dead}}Sarkar, Tanika. "[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28757682_ITM A Prehistory of Rights: The Age of Consent Debate in Colonial Bengal, Feminist Studies]." 2000. from the purview of punitive law.
Events
Phulmoni Dasi was a ten-year-old Bengali girl with a 30-year-old husband named Hari Mohan Maiti. She died after her husband tried to consummate their marriage.{{cite book|author=Bonnie G. Smith|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: 4 Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFI7tr9XK6EC&pg=PA60|accessdate=8 December 2014|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|page=60}}{{cite book|author=Mytheli Sreenivas|title=Wives, Widows, and Concubines: The Conjugal Family Ideal in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf7zccTKTEC&pg=PA71|accessdate=8 December 2014|year=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35118-0|page=71}}
Trial
The case went to trial in the Calcutta Sessions Court on 6 July 1890.{{cite book|author=Mrinalini Sinha|title=Colonial Masculinity: The 'manly Englishman' and The' Effeminate Bengali' in the Late Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zNJRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA143|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-4285-0|pages=143–}} The girl's mother provided testimony against the husband. The husband was convicted under Section 338 of the Indian Penal Code for "causing grievous hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others". Under an exception clause in Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code, introduced in 1860, sex with one's own wife was not considered rape. As Phulmoni was of legal age and married to Maiti, he was sentenced to 12 months of hard labor. The case is known as Empress v. Hari Mohan Maiti.
Reforms
On 9 January 1891, the Viceroy of India, Lord Lansdowne presented a bill before the Council of India, which was then headed by Andrew Scoble, called the "Age of Consent". It sought to amend Section 376 of the Indian Penal Code. Previously, the age of consent had been set at 10 in 1860. After the bill was passed on 29 March 1891, the Section 376 included sex with a girl under 12 even if the person is the wife of the perpetrator, as rape.