Phyllodes tumor

File:Phylloidestumor der Mamma - Mammographie.jpg

File:Phyllodes tumor presentation.jpg

Phyllodes tumors typically present as a firm, mobile, and palpable mass that is painless in nature.{{cite book | vauthors = Limaiem F, Kashyap S |title=Phyllodes Tumor Of The Breast |date=2022 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541138/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=31082182 |access-date=2023-01-18}} On physical examination, the mass can demonstrate a smooth or nodular texture depending on its size. In addition, larger masses can stretch the overlying breast tissue leading to nipple retraction, chest wall fixation, and in advanced cases, ulceration from pressure necrosis.{{cite journal | vauthors = Khan SA, Badve S | title = Phyllodes tumors of the breast | journal = Current Treatment Options in Oncology | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 139–147 | date = April 2001 | pmid = 12057132 | doi = 10.1007/s11864-001-0056-y | s2cid = 34616186 }}

Phyllodes tumors can grow to a variety of sizes, ranging from 0.8 to 40 cm, with the average tumor growing to between 4 and 8 cm.{{cite journal | vauthors = Belkacémi Y, Bousquet G, Marsiglia H, Ray-Coquard I, Magné N, Malard Y, Lacroix M, Gutierrez C, Senkus E, Christie D, Drumea K, Lagneau E, Kadish SP, Scandolaro L, Azria D, Ozsahin M | display-authors = 6 | title = Phyllodes tumor of the breast | journal = International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics | volume = 70 | issue = 2 | pages = 492–500 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 17931796 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.06.059 }} Their growth can be slow, rapid, or demonstrate alternating growth patterns. A notable feature, however, is that their growth rarely regresses, a distinguishing feature from fibroadenomas which tend to change in size based on a female's menstrual cycle.{{cite journal | vauthors = Hartmann TC, Hanna MW | title = Delayed Conversion of a Fibroadenoma Into a Large Phyllodes Tumor: A Case Report | journal = Cureus | volume = 14 | issue = 10 | pages = e30795 | date = October 2022 | pmid = 36447717 | pmc = 9701494 | doi = 10.7759/cureus.30795 | doi-access = free }}

Experts are unsure of the exact etiology of phyllodes tumors. Genetically, phyllodes tumors have shown to have a higher incidence with conditions such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome and BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations. In addition, males with a history of gynecomastia have shown an increased incidence of developing a phyllodes tumor.

The pathogenesis behind the development of a phyllodes tumor is not well-defined.{{Cite journal |last1=Karim |first1=Rooshdiya Z. |last2=Scolyer |first2=Richard A. |last3=Tse |first3=Gary M. |last4=Tan |first4=Puay-Hoon |last5=Putti |first5=Thomas C. |last6=Lee |first6=C. Soon |date=February 2009 |title=Pathogenic mechanisms in the initiation and progression of mammary phyllodes tumours |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19152185 |journal=Pathology |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=105–117 |doi=10.1080/00313020802579342 |issn=0031-3025 |pmid=19152185|s2cid=34470088 }} Some theories suggest a genetic cause while other literature supports the involvement of hormone and growth factor receptors, cell signal transduction pathways, and cell cycle markers.{{Cite journal |last1=Sim |first1=Yirong |last2=Ng |first2=Gwendolene Xin Pei |last3=Ng |first3=Cedric Chuan Young |last4=Rajasegaran |first4=Vikneswari |last5=Wong |first5=Suet Far |last6=Liu |first6=Wei |last7=Guan |first7=Peiyong |last8=Nagarajan |first8=Sanjanaa |last9=Ng |first9=Wai Yee |last10=Thike |first10=Aye Aye |last11=Lim |first11=Jeffrey Chun Tatt |last12=Nasir |first12=Nur Diyana Binte Md |last13=Tan |first13=Veronique Kiak Mien |last14=Madhukumar |first14=Preetha |last15=Yong |first15=Wei Sean |date=2019-10-23 |title=A novel genomic panel as an adjunctive diagnostic tool for the characterization and profiling of breast Fibroepithelial lesions |journal=BMC Medical Genomics |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=142 |doi=10.1186/s12920-019-0588-2 |issn=1755-8794 |pmc=6813086 |pmid=31647027 |doi-access=free }} Certain receptors include estrogen/progesterone, glucocorticoid, and HER2. The most well-studied cell signal transduction pathway includes the Wnt pathway, which is a highly conserved genetic pathway between species. In the Wnt pathway, gene transcription via B-catenin is a highly regulated process by proteins including, but not limited to, c-myc, c-jun, Fra, and cyclin D1. Mutation of any these proteins can lead to the un-regulated, rapid growth characteristic of phyllodes tumors.

In addition, vascular factors promoting angiogenesis have been shown to further promote growth of these breast masses. These proteins include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Hypoxia-inducible factor-1a, Platelet-derived growth factor, endothelin-1, and nitrogen oxide synthase. The increased expression of these angiogenic factors reflects the increased angiogenesis seen in higher grade phyllodes tumors.

Genes that have been associated with a higher incidence of phyllodes tumors include Mediator Complex Subunit 12 (MED12) exon 2, Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) promoter, and Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha (RARA); important genes for regulating DNA synthesis.

The current theory behind the development of phyllodes tumors involves the interaction between each of these pathways to some degree and how they alter the normal interaction of the breast epithelial-stromal tissue.

Radiographical imaging is the first-line test for identifying a phyllodes tumor.{{Cite journal |last1=Boutas |first1=Ioannis |last2=Kontogeorgi |first2=Adamandia |last3=Dimas |first3=Dionysios |last4=Koufopoulos |first4=Nektarios |last5=Genitsaridi |first5=Sofia-Maria |last6=Sitara |first6=Kyparissia |last7=Kalantaridou |first7=Sophia |last8=Dimitrakakis |first8=Constantine |date=October 2022 |title=Local recurrence for phyllodes tumours of the breast: Systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Oncology Letters |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=353 |doi=10.3892/ol.2022.13473 |issn=1792-1082 |pmc=9478605 |pmid=36168312}} Despite their propensity to grow rapidly and deform the overlying breast tissue, approximately 20% of phyllodes tumors can present as a nonpalpable mass on screening mammography.{{Cite journal |last1=Macdonald |first1=O. Kenneth |last2=Lee |first2=Christopher M. |last3=Tward |first3=Jonathan D. |last4=Chappel |first4=Craig D. |last5=Gaffney |first5=David K. |date=2006-11-01 |title=Malignant phyllodes tumor of the female breast: association of primary therapy with cause-specific survival from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program |journal=Cancer |volume=107 |issue=9 |pages=2127–2133 |doi=10.1002/cncr.22228 |issn=0008-543X |pmid=16998937|s2cid=35411155 |doi-access=free }} Other imaging tools used to assess the size and spread of a phyllodes tumor include ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). None of these imaging tools are definitive tests for differentiating a phyllodes tumor from a benign fibroadenoma.{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/phyllodes-tumors-of-the-breast |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=www.uptodate.com}} Phyllodes tumors can only be diagnosed histologically, as they tend to have many overlapping features with other breast masses on physical examination and radiological imaging.

A core needle biopsy is the primary tool used to provide a definitive diagnosis for phyllodes tumors. Other biopsy techniques include fine-needle aspiration and excisional biopsy. Following biopsy, histological and gross examination is performed which helps clinicians better grade and classify the phyllodes tumor.

Phyllodes tumors are part of a group of breast diseases called cellular fibroepithelial lesions. This term incorporates a spectrum of diseases ranging from a benign fibroadenoma to a malignant phyllodes tumor, with numerous variants in between.{{cite journal |vauthors=Deen SA, McKee GT, Kissin MW |date=February 1999 |title=Differential cytologic features of fibroepithelial lesions of the breast |journal=Diagnostic Cytopathology |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=53–56 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0339(199902)20:2<53::AID-DC1>3.0.CO;2-T |pmid=9951596 |s2cid=21831164}} They are classified by ICD-O, not by MeSH.

Phyllodes tumors may be considered benign, borderline, or malignant depending upon their histological features, including stromal cellularity, infiltration of the epithelial-stromal interface, and mitotic activity.

{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Tan BY, Acs G, Apple SK, Badve S, Bleiweiss IJ, Brogi E, Calvo JP, Dabbs DJ, Ellis IO, Eusebi V, Farshid G, Fox SB, Ichihara S, Lakhani SR, Rakha EA, Reis-Filho JS, Richardson AL, Sahin A, Schmitt FC, Schnitt SJ, Siziopikou KP, Soares FA, Tse GM, Vincent-Salomon A, Tan PH |date=January 2016 |title=Phyllodes tumours of the breast: a consensus review |journal=Histopathology |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=5–21 |doi=10.1111/his.12876 |pmc=5027876 |pmid=26768026}} Due to their propensity to metastasize and grow quickly, almost all phyllodes tumors are regarded as having malignant potential and treated accordingly. A large case series from the MD Anderson Cancer Center reported the incidence of each type of phyllodes tumor as benign (58%), borderline (12%), and malignant (30%).

File:Phyllodes Tumor, Gross (6353380079).jpg

Malignant phyllodes tumors can behave similarly to sarcomas leading to development of blood-borne metastases.{{Cite journal |last1=Majeski |first1=James |last2=Stroud |first2=Jason |date=2012 |title=Malignant phyllodes tumors of the breast: a study in clinical practice |journal=International Surgery |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=95–98 |doi=10.9738/CC79.1 |issn=2520-2456 |pmc=3723204 |pmid=23102073}} Approximately 10% of phyllodes tumor develop distant metastases and this occurrence is higher (20%) in patients with histological-identified malignant tumors. The most common site for distant metastases include the lung, bone, and abdominal viscera.{{Cite journal |last1=Khanal |first1=Suman |last2=Singh |first2=Yogendra P. |last3=Bhandari |first3=Anuja |last4=Sharma |first4=Rashmi |date=December 2018 |title=Malignant phyllodes tumor with metastases to lung, adrenal and brain: A rare case report |journal=Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012) |volume=36 |pages=113–117 |doi=10.1016/j.amsu.2018.10.030 |issn=2049-0801 |pmc=6230968 |pmid=30455875}} In more insidious cases, the parotid region has also been described in literature.{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=John Z. |last2=Gu |first2=Mai |date=2003 |title=Malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast metastatic to the parotid gland diagnosed by fine needle aspiration biopsy. A case report |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12685197 |journal=Acta Cytologica |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=253–258 |doi=10.1159/000326512 |issn=0001-5547 |pmid=12685197|s2cid=3364081 }}

There is no evidence-based recommendations for screening or preventative measures for early detection of phyllodes tumors.{{Cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Shreyaskumar R. |last2=Zagars |first2=Gunar K. |last3=Pisters |first3=Peter W. T. |date=June 2003 |title=The follow-up of adult soft-tissue sarcomas |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12870143 |journal=Seminars in Oncology |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=413–416 |doi=10.1016/s0093-7754(03)00101-5 |issn=0093-7754 |pmid=12870143}}{{Cite journal |last1=Grabowski |first1=Julia |last2=Salzstein |first2=Sidney L. |last3=Sadler |first3=Georgia R. |last4=Blair |first4=Sarah L. |date=October 2007 |title=Malignant phyllodes tumors: a review of 752 cases |journal=The American Surgeon |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=967–969 |doi=10.1177/000313480707301007 |issn=0003-1348 |pmid=17983058|s2cid=20319387 |doi-access=free }}

In patients with a prior history of a phyllodes tumor, the follow-up recommendations are employed on a case-by-case basis depending upon the grade and stage of the treated tumor.

Patients who have not had a mastectomy should continue regular breast cancer screening based on the recommendations by the United States Preventative Services Task Force.{{Cite web |title=Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Screening {{!}} United States Preventive Services Taskforce |url=https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org}}

The most common, curative treatment for a phyllodes tumor is wide surgical excision with greater than 1 cm margins. Other than surgery, there is no definite cure for a phyllodes tumor as chemotherapy and radiation therapy have not proven effectiveness. The risk of developing local recurrence or metastases is related the histologic grade and mitotic activity of the tumor. Despite proper surgical excision, a high percentage of surgeries performed to treat a phyllodes tumor demonstrate incomplete excision margins that require additional revision surgery.{{cite journal |author11=Breast Cancer Study Group of the Institut Curie |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Guillot E, Couturaud B, Reyal F, Curnier A, Ravinet J, Laé M, Bollet M, Pierga JY, Salmon R, Fitoussi A |year=2011 |title=Management of phyllodes breast tumors |journal=The Breast Journal |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=129–137 |doi=10.1111/j.1524-4741.2010.01045.x |pmid=21251125 |s2cid=7074922|doi-access=free }} Radiation treatment, after breast-conserving surgery with negative margins, may significantly reduce the local recurrence rate for borderline and malignant tumors.{{cite journal |vauthors=Barth RJ, Wells WA, Mitchell SE, Cole BF |date=August 2009 |title=A prospective, multi-institutional study of adjuvant radiotherapy after resection of malignant phyllodes tumors |journal=Annals of Surgical Oncology |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=2288–2294 |doi=10.1245/s10434-009-0489-2 |pmc=5053421 |pmid=19424757}} A study performed in 2012 derived a risk calculator for relapse risk of phyllodes tumors after surgery.

The prognosis of phyllodes tumor is good with an overall 87% 10-year survival rate. After wide-margin surgical excision, 98.7% of benign phyllodes tumors and 80% of borderline were cured.{{Cite journal |last1=Reinfuss |first1=M. |last2=Mituś |first2=J. |last3=Duda |first3=K. |last4=Stelmach |first4=A. |last5=Ryś |first5=J. |last6=Smolak |first6=K. |date=1996-03-01 |title=The treatment and prognosis of patients with phyllodes tumor of the breast: an analysis of 170 cases |journal=Cancer |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=910–916 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19960301)77:5<910::aid-cncr16>3.0.co;2-6 |issn=0008-543X |pmid=8608483|s2cid=46154369 |doi-access=free }} In rare cases where the tumor has metastasized, the prognosis is poor. This most commonly occurs in cases of malignant grade phyllodes tumor.

Phyllodes tumors account for approximately 1% of all breast neoplasms. They primarily occur in adult women, with very few examples reported in adolescents. Incidence is most common between the ages of 40 and 50, prior to the onset of menopause.{{Cite journal |last1=Bernstein |first1=L. |last2=Deapen |first2=D. |last3=Ross |first3=R. K. |date=1993-05-15 |title=The descriptive epidemiology of malignant cystosarcoma phyllodes tumors of the breast |journal=Cancer |volume=71 |issue=10 |pages=3020–3024 |doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19930515)71:10<3020::aid-cncr2820711022>3.0.co;2-g |issn=0008-543X |pmid=8387873|s2cid=21014296 |doi-access=free }} For comparison, this is about 15 years older than the typical age of patients with a fibroadenoma, a common differential diagnosis in patients with a suspected phyllodes tumors. Younger women have a higher chance of having a benign phyllodes tumor, while older women are more likely to have higher-grade tumors.

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{{Medical resources

| DiseasesDB = 3396

| ICD10 = {{ICD10|C|50||c|50}}, {{ICD10|D|24||d|10}}, {{ICD10|D|48|6|d|37}}

| ICD9 = {{ICD9|217 }}

| ICDO = M9020

| OMIM =

| MedlinePlus =

| eMedicineSubj = med

| eMedicineTopic = 500

| MeshID = D003557

}}

{{Soft tissue tumors and sarcomas}}

{{Breast neoplasia}}

Category:Breast neoplasia