Physical education

A highly effective physical education

program aims to develop physical literacy through the acquisition of skills, knowledge, physical fitness, and confidence.^{SHAPE America. (2013). Grade-level outcomes for K-12 physical education. Reston, VA: Author} Physical education curricula promote healthy development of children, encourage interest in physical activity and sport, improve learning of health and physical education concepts, and accommodate for differences in student populations to ensure that every child receives health benefits.{{Cite journal |last1=Meng |first1=Xuan |last2=Horrell |first2=Andrew |last3=McMillan |first3=Paul |last4=Chai |first4=Guorong |date=2020-12-20 |title='Health First' and curriculum reform in China: The experiences of physical education teachers in one city |journal=European Physical Education Review |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=595–612 |doi=10.1177/1356336x20977886 |s2cid=234554327 |issn=1356-336X|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11820/28a578b9-0292-4e53-ac18-0828d0b6a4a8 |hdl-access=free }} These core principles are implemented through sport participation, sports skill development, knowledge of physical fitness and health, as well as mental health and social adaptation.

Physical education curriculum at the secondary level includes a variety of team and individual sports, as well as leisure activities. Some examples of physical activities include basketball, soccer, volleyball, track and field, badminton, tennis, walking, cycling, and swimming.Ruzmatovich, U. S., & Shohbozjon G‘ayratjon o‘g, Q. (2023). Uzbekistan's General Education School Physical Education Programme: A Curriculum Analysis. Best Journal of Innovation in Science, Research and Development, 2(5), 184–193. Chess is another activity that is included in the PE curriculum in some parts of the world. Chess helps students to develop their cognitive thinking skills and improves focus, while also teaching about sportsmanship and fair play. Gymnastics and wrestling activities offer additional opportunities for students to improve the different areas of physical fitness including flexibility, strength, aerobic endurance, balance, and coordination. Additional activities in PE include football, netball, hockey, rounders, cricket, four square, racing, and numerous other children's games. Physical education also teaches nutrition, healthy habits, and individuality of needs.{{Cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Stephen |title=The Essential of Teaching Physical Education |publisher=Shape America - Society of Health and Physical Educators |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4925-0916-5 |pages=1 page cited (4 page)}}

File:Corta-Mato Escolar 2008.jpg children participating in a school race]]

The main goals in teaching modern physical education are:{{cite web|url = http://homepages.wmich.edu/~sayers/2004%20NASPE%20PA%20Guidelines.pdf|date = December 30, 2003|title= Children Need Greater Amount of Physical Activity in 2004.| author = Paula Keyes Kun|publisher = National Association for Sport and Physical Education|accessdate= December 29, 2021}}

• To expose children and teens to a wide variety of exercise and healthy activities. Because P.E. can be accessible to nearly all children, it is one of the only opportunities that can guarantee beneficial and healthy activity in children.
• To teach skills to maintain a lifetime of fitness as well as health.
• To encourage self-reporting and monitoring of exercise.
• To individualize duration, intensity, and type of activity.
• To focus feedback on the work, rather than the result.
• To provide active role models.

It is critical for physical educators to foster and strengthen developing motor skills and to provide children and teens with a basic skill set that builds their movement repertoire, which allows students to engage in various forms of games, sports, and other physical activities throughout their lifetime.{{cite book|url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK201493/|title = Approaches to Physical Education in Schools|date = 30 October 2013|publisher = NCBI|accessdate=December 29, 2021}}

These goals can be achieved in a variety of ways. National, state, and local guidelines often dictate which standards must be taught in regards to physical education. These standards determine what content is covered, the qualifications educators must meet, and the textbooks and materials which must be used. These various standards include teaching sports education, or the use of sports as exercise; fitness education, relating to overall health and fitness; and movement education, which deals with movement in a non-sport context.

These approaches and curricula are based on pioneers in PE, namely, Francois Delsarte, Liselott Diem, and Rudolf von Laban, who, in the 1800s focused on using a child's ability to use their body for self-expression. This, in combination with approaches in the 1960s, (which featured the use of the body, spatial awareness, effort, and relationships) gave birth to the modern teaching of physical education.{{cite book |last1=Weiller Abels|first1= Karen|last2 = Bridges|first2=Jennifer|date=March 8, 2010|title=Teaching movement education : foundations for active lifestyles |url= https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/880580108|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=978-0736074568|oclc= 880580108}}

Recent research has also explored the role of physical education for moral development in support of social inclusion and social justice agendas,{{Cite journal |last1=Rossi |first1=Tony |last2=Jeanes |first2=Ruth |date=2016-05-18 |title=Education, pedagogy and sport for development: addressing seldom asked questions |journal=Sport, Education and Society |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=483–494 |doi=10.1080/13573322.2016.1160373 |issn=1357-3322|doi-access=free }} where it is under-researched, especially in the context of disability, and the social inclusion of disabled people.{{Cite journal |last1=Sandford |first1=Rachel |last2=Beckett |first2=Angharad |last3=Giulianotti |first3=Richard |date=2022-02-12 |title=Sport, disability and (inclusive) education: critical insights and understandings from the Playdagogy programme |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2021.1902299 |journal=Sport, Education and Society |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=150–166 |doi=10.1080/13573322.2021.1902299 |s2cid=236342803 |issn=1357-3322 |archive-url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/174420/ |archive-date=26 May 2021}}

Many physical education classes utilize technology to assist their pupils in effective exercise. One of the most affordable and popular tools is a simple video recorder. With this, students record themselves, and, upon playback, can see mistakes they are making in activities like throwing or swinging.{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Lin |last2=Myers |first2=Deborah L. |last3=Yanes |first3=Martha J. |title=Creating Student-Centered Learning Experience through the Assistance of High-End Technology in Physical Education: A Case Study |journal=Journal of Instructional Psychology |date=2010 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=352–356 |id={{ProQuest|853876818}} |url=https://www.learntechlib.org/p/110170/ }} Studies show that students find this more effective than having someone try to explain what they are doing wrong, and then trying to correct it.

Educators may also use technology such as pedometers and heart rate monitors to make step and heart rate goals for students.{{cite journal |last1=Woods |first1=Marianne L. |last2=Karp |first2=Grace Goc |last3=Miao |first3=Hui |last4=Perlman |first4=Dana |title=PHYSICAL EDUCATORS' TECHNOLOGY COMPETENCIES AND USAGE |journal=The Physical Educator |date=26 April 2008 |volume=65 |issue=2 |id={{ProQuest|232994591}} |url=https://js.sagamorepub.com/pe/article/view/2142 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.humankinetics.com/excerpts/excerpts/using-pedometers-to-assess-physical-activity-participation-levels |title=Using pedometers to assess physical activity participation levels |publisher=Humankinetics.com |date=2010-04-01 |access-date=2015-08-13}}{{cite web|url=http://www.pecentral.org/lessonideas/pedometer/pedometerlessonndex.html |title=PEC: Pedometer Lesson Activities |publisher=Pecentral.org |access-date=2015-08-13}} Implementing pedometers in physical education can improve physical activity participation, motivation and enjoyment.{{Cite journal |last1=Gu |first1=Xiangli |last2=Chen |first2=Yu-Lin |last3=Jackson |first3=Allen W. |last4=Zhang |first4=Tao |date=2017-06-23 |title=Impact of a pedometer-based goal-setting intervention on children's motivation, motor competence, and physical activity in physical education |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2017.1341475 |journal=Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=54–65 |doi=10.1080/17408989.2017.1341475 |s2cid=148626271 |issn=1740-8989}}

Other technologies that can be used in a physical education setting include video projectors and GPS systems. Gaming systems and their associated games, such as the Kinect, Wii, and Wii Fit can also be used. Projectors are used to show students proper form or how to play certain games. GPS systems can be used to get students active in an outdoor setting, and active exergames{{clarify|date=December 2021}} can be used by teachers to show students a good way to stay fit in and out of a classroom setting.Grimes, G. (2011, November 21). Interview by M Massey [Personal Interview] Exergames, or digital games that require the use of physical movement to participate, can be used as a tool to encourage physical activity and health in young children.{{Cite journal |last1=Benzing |first1=Valentin |last2=Schmidt |first2=Mirko |date=2018-11-08 |title=Exergaming for Children and Adolescents: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=422 |doi=10.3390/jcm7110422 |pmid=30413016 |pmc=6262613 |issn=2077-0383 |doi-access=free }}

Technology integration can increase student motivation and engagement in the Physical Education setting.{{Cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=Jason |last2=Scanlon |first2=Dylan |last3=Calderón |first3=Antonio |date=2022-08-02 |title=Digital technology and teacher digital competency in physical education: a holistic view of teacher and student perspectives |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/25742981.2022.2106881 |journal=Curriculum Studies in Health and Physical Education |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=271–287 |doi=10.1080/25742981.2022.2106881 |s2cid=252177343 |issn=2574-2981}} However, the ability of educators to effectively use technology in the classroom is reliant on a teacher's perceived competence in their ability to integrate technology into the curriculum.

Beyond traditional tools, recent AI advancements are introducing new methods for personalizing physical education, especially for adolescents. AI applications like adaptive coaching are starting to show promise in enhancing student motivation and program effectiveness in physical education settings.{{Cite journal |last1=Rowe |first1=Jonathan P. |last2=Lester |first2=James C. |date=August 2020 |title=Artificial Intelligence for Personalized Preventive Adolescent Healthcare |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=S52–S58 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.02.021 |pmid=32718516 |s2cid=220840948 |issn=1054-139X|doi-access=free }}

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is suggested that young children should be participating in 60-minutes of exercise per day at least 3 times per week in order to maintain a healthy body.{{Cite web |url=http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_young_people/en/ |title=WHO | Physical activity and young people |access-date=2022-03-02 |archive-date=2020-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908072919/https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_young_people/en/ |url-status=dead }} This 60-minute recommendation can be achieved by completing different forms of physical activity, including participation in physical education programs at school.{{Cite web |title=WHO | Physical activity and young people |url=http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_young_people/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908072919/https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_young_people/en/ |archive-date=2020-09-08 |access-date=2022-03-02}} A majority of children around the world participate in Physical Education programs in general education settings.{{Cite journal |last=Hardman |first=Ken |date=2008-01-01 |title=The Situation of Physical Education in Schools: A European Perspective |journal=Human Movement |volume=9 |issue=1 |doi=10.2478/v10038-008-0001-z |issn=1899-1955|doi-access=free }} According to data collected from a worldwide survey, 79% of countries require legal implementation of PE in school programming. Physical education programming can vary all over the world.

==== Philippines ====

In the Philippines, P.E. is mandatory for all years in school, unless the school gives the option for a student to do the Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme instead for their fifth and sixth year. Some schools have integrated martial arts training into their physical education curriculum.{{cite web|url=http://www.visayandailystar.com/2008/September/27/sportnews1.htm|title=Jack & Jill School rules : Nopsscea karatedo events|author=Ndia Buenafe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930151303/http://www.visayandailystar.com/2008/September/27/sportnews1.htm|access-date=2 March 2022|archive-date=2008-09-30}}{{cite web|url=http://www.garimot.com/articles/index.html|title=Is Arnis De Mano Dead in the Philippines?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523121915/http://www.garimot.com/articles/index.html|access-date=2 March 2022|archive-date=2007-05-23}}{{cite web|url=http://www.imafp.com/Chapters/IMAFP_commissions/IMAFP_mindanao.htm |title=Regional Commissions and Chapters International Modern Arnis Federation Philippines Mindanao Commission |website=Imafp.com |access-date=2010-11-07}}{{cite web|url=http://www.mindanaotimes.com.ph/story.php?id=22801|title=We learn from our children|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115150606/http://www.mindanaotimes.com.ph/story.php?id=22801|access-date=2 March 2022|archive-date=2009-01-15}}{{cite web |url=http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/sim/sim/view/20081214-177923/Life-Lessons-from-Karate |title=Sunday Inquirer Magazine: Life Lessons from Karate |website=Showbizandstyle.inquirer.net |date=2008-12-14 |access-date=2010-11-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304154557/http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/sim/sim/view/20081214-177923/Life-Lessons-from-Karate |archive-date=2012-03-04 }}

A Biennial compulsory fitness exam, NAPFA, is conducted in every school to assess pupils' physical fitness in Singapore.{{Cite news|url=http://www.asiaone.com/napfa-fitness-test-education-tool|title=Napfa: From fitness test to education tool|website=Asiaone.com|access-date=2018-10-19}} This includes a series of fitness tests. Students are graded by a system of gold, silver, bronze, or as a fail. NAPFA for pre-enlistees serves as an indicator for an additional two months in the country's compulsory national service training if they attain bronze or fail.

File:JJS Karate Kids.jpg training in school as part of physical education class. These Filipino children are practicing karate.]]

In Ireland, one is expected to do two semesters worth of 80-minute PE classes. This also includes showering and changing times. So, on average, classes are composed of 60–65 minutes of activity.{{cite web|url=http://www.curriculumonline.ie/getmedia/ca8a385c-5455-42b6-9f1c-88390be91afc/PSEC05_Physical-Education_Curriculum.pdf|title=Physical Education Curriculum|website=Curriculumonline.ie|access-date=2 March 2022}}

In Poland, pupils are expected to do at least three hours of PE a week during primary and secondary education.{{cite web|url=http://isip.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20020150142|title=Dz.U. 2002 nr 15 poz. 142. Rozporządzenie Ministra Edukacji Narodowej i Sportu z dnia 12 lutego 2002 r. w sprawie ramowych planów nauczania w szkołach publicznych.|publisher=Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych|access-date=31 October 2010}} Universities must also organise at least 60 hours of physical education classes in undergraduate courses.{{cite web|title=Standardy kształcenia dla poszczególnych kierunków studiów i poziomów kształcenia|url=http://www.bip.nauka.gov.pl/bipmein/index.jsp?place=Lead07&news_cat_id=117&news_id=982&layout=1&page=text|publisher=Biuletyn Informacj Publicznej|access-date=31 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120214522/http://www.bip.nauka.gov.pl/bipmein/index.jsp?place=Lead07&news_cat_id=117&news_id=982&layout=1&page=text|archive-date=20 November 2010}}{{clarify|date=December 2021}}

In Sweden, the time school students spend in P.E. lessons per week varies between municipalities, but generally, years 0 to 2 have 55 minutes of PE a week; years 3 to 6 have 110 minutes a week, and years 7 to 9 have 220 minutes. In upper secondary school, all national programs have an obligatory course, containing 100 points of PE, which corresponds to 90–100 hours of PE during the course (one point per hour). Schools can regulate these hours as they like{{how|date=December 2021}} during the three years of school students attend. Most schools have students take part in this course during the first year and offer a follow-up course, which also contains 100 points/hours.{{cite web |url=https://www.skolverket.se/download/18.4fc05a3f164131a7418106e/1535372299307/Physical-education-and-health-swedish-school.pdf |title=Physical Education and Health |website=Skolverket |access-date=April 15, 2019 }}

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In England, pupils in years 7, 8, and 9 are expected to do two hours of exercise per week. Pupils in years 10 and 11 are expected to do one hour of exercise per week.{{cite web|title=National curriculum in England: physical education programmes of study|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-curriculum-in-england-physical-education-programmes-of-study/national-curriculum-in-england-physical-education-programmes-of-study|website=Gov.uk|access-date=24 November 2016}}

In Wales, pupils are expected to do two hours of PE a week.{{Cite web |url=https://www.sport.wales/media/351730/sports_update_59-e.pdf |title=PE Provision in Secondary Schools |date=2007-01-01 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Sport Council Wales |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820073019/http://sport.wales/media/351730/sports_update_59-e.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-20 |url-status=dead}}

In Scotland, Scottish pupils are expected to have at least two hours of PE per week during primary and lower secondary education.

In Northern Ireland, pupils are expected to participate in at least two hours of physical education (PE) per week during years 8 to 10. PE remains part of the curriculum for years 11 and 12, though the time allocated may vary.

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In British Columbia, the government has mandated in the grade one curriculum that students must participate in physical activity daily five times a week. The educator is also responsible for planning Daily Physical Activity (DPA), which is thirty minutes of mild to moderate physical activity a day (not including curriculum physical education classes). The curriculum also requires students in grade one to be knowledgeable about healthy living. For example, they must be able to describe the benefits of regular exercise, identify healthy choices in activities, and describe the importance of choosing healthy food.BC curriculum package{{Better source needed|date=December 2021}}

Ontario, Canada has a similar procedure in place. On October 6, 2005, the Ontario Ministry of Education (OME) implemented a DPA policy in elementary schools, for those in grades 1 through 8. The government also requires that all students in grades 1 through 8, including those with special needs, be provided with opportunities to participate in a minimum of twenty minutes of sustained, moderate to vigorous physical activity each school day during instructional time.{{Cite web|url=http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/teachers/dpa1-3.pdf|title=Daily Physical Activity in Schools 2005 : RESOURCE GUIDE : Grades 1 to 3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212025619/http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/teachers/dpa1-3.pdf|access-date=2 March 2022|archive-date=2006-12-12}}

The 2012 "Shape Of The Nation Report" by the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (part of SHAPE America) and the American Heart Association found that while nearly 75% of states require physical education in elementary through high school, over half of the states permit students to substitute other activities for their required physical education credit, or otherwise fail to mandate a specific amount of instructional time. According to the report, only six states (Illinois, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New York, and Vermont) require physical education at every grade level.{{cite web | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/14/2012-shape-of-the-nation-_n_2130115.html |title = Majority of States Have Loopholes That Let Kids Get Out of Gym Class|website = HuffPost|date = 2012-11-14}} A majority of states{{quantify|date=December 2021}} in 2016 did not require a specific amount of instructional time, and more than half allow exemptions or substitution. These loopholes can lead to reduced effectiveness of the physical education programs.{{cite web|url=https://www.shapeamerica.org/uploads/pdfs/son/Shape-of-the-Nation-2016_web.pdf|title=Shape of the Nation : Physical Education in the USA|website=Shapeamerica.org|access-date=2 March 2022}}

Zero Hour is a before-school physical education class first implemented by Naperville Central High School. In the state of Illinois, this program is known as Learning Readiness P.E. (LRPE). The program was based on research indicating that students who are physically fit are more academically alert, experience growth in brain cells, and enhancement in brain development. NCHS pairs a P.E. class that incorporates cardiovascular exercise, core strength training, cross-lateral movements, as well as literacy and math strategies which enhance learning and improve achievement.{{cite web|url=http://iphionline.org/pdf/P.E._Case_Study_Naperville.pdf|title=Enhancing P.E. in Illinois|website=Iphioline.org|access-date=2 March 2022}}

• Recreation
• Exercise
• Lack of physical education
• Sports day
• Worldwide Day of Play

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