Piano Sonata No. 11 (Mozart)

{{Redirect|Alla Turca|the general Turkish-inspired trend in European music|Turkish music (style)|the cultural contrast between Turkish and Western European styles|Alafranga and alaturca}}

{{Infobox musical composition

| name = Piano Sonata in A major

| subtitle = No. 11

| composer = Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

| image = MozartExcerptK331.svg

| image_upright = 1.3

| alt =

| caption = The beginning

| other_name =

| key = A major

| catalogue = K. 331 / 300i

| style = Classical period

| composed = {{start date|1783}}

| dedication =

| published = 1784

| movements = Andante grazioso, Menuetto, Alla turca – Allegretto

| scoring =

| misc = {{audio|MozartExcerptK331.mid|Play}}

}}

The Piano Sonata No. 11 in A major, K. 331 / 300i, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a piano sonata in three movements.

The sonata was published by Artaria in 1784, alongside Nos. 10 and 12 (K. 330 and K. 332).{{Cite book|first=John|last=Irving|title=Understanding Mozart's Piano Sonatas|publisher=Ashgate|year=2013|isbn=9781409494096|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuGhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|page=54}}

The third movement of this sonata, the "Rondo alla Turca", or "Turkish March", is often heard on its own and regarded as one of Mozart's best-known piano pieces.{{Cite web |last=Bugg |first=D. Doran |date= |title=The role of Turkish percussion in the history and development of the orchestral percussion section |url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=gradschool_majorpapers |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=Louisiana State University Digital Commons |page=36}}

Structure

The sonata consists of three movements:

{{Ordered list|type=upper-roman

|Andante grazioso

|Menuetto

|Alla turca – Allegretto

}}

All of the movements are in the key of A major or A minor; therefore, the work is homotonal. A typical performance of this entire sonata takes about 20 minutes.{{Allmusic|class=composition|id=mc0002374455|first=Brian|last=Robins|label=Piano Sonata No. 11 in A Major ("Alla Turca") K. 331 (K. 300i)|access-date=2011-06-01}}

=I. ''Andante grazioso''=

{{Listen

| filename = Mozart - Piano Sonata No. 11 in A major - I. Andante grazioso.ogg

| title = I. Andante grazioso

| description = performed by Bernd Krueger

| pos = right

}}

Since the opening movement of this sonata is a theme and variation, Mozart defied the convention of beginning a sonata with an allegro movement in sonata form. The theme is a siciliana, consisting of an 8-measure section and a 10-measure section, each repeated, a structure shared by each variation.

=II. ''Menuetto''=

{{Listen

| filename = Mozart - Piano Sonata No. 11 in A major - II. Allegro moderato.ogg

| title = II. Allegro moderato

| description = performed by Bernd Krueger

| pos = right

}}

The second movement of the sonata is a standard minuet and trio movement in A major.

=III. ''Alla turca''=

{{Listen

| filename = Mozart - Piano Sonata No. 11 in A major - III. Allegro (Turkish March).ogg

| title = III. Allegro (Turkish March)

| description = performed by Bernd Krueger

| pos = right

}}

The last movement, marked Alla turca, is popularly known as the "Turkish Rondo" or "Turkish March".{{cite web|url=https://www.classicfm.com/composers/mozart/best-mozart-music-songs/|title=10 incredible, life-changing masterpieces from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart you need in your life|department=6. Piano Sonata No. 11 ('Alla Turca')|website=Classic FM|date=3 July 2018|access-date=6 May 2021}}

:{ \relative c'' {\new PianoStaff<<\new Staff{

\time 2/4 \partial 4 \tempo "Allegretto" 4=126 b16-4\p^"P.T. H.S."( a gis a-1 c8-.-3) r d16-3( c b c e8-.-4) r f16-4( e dis e-1 b'-4 a gis a b a gis a c4->) a8-.-2 c-.-4 \appoggiatura {g!32[_"(a)" a]} b8-.->[ <> <> <> \appoggiatura {g32-2[ a]} b8-.->[ <> <> <> \appoggiatura {g32-2[ a]} b8-.->[ <> <> <> e4-- \bar ":..:" <> <> <> <> a16-4( g f e) <<{d4->-2-4}\\{b8( g)}>> <> <>

}\new Staff{

\clef "bass" r4 a,,8-5([ <> <> <> a,([ <> <> <> a,-.[ <> a,-. <> a,([ <> <> <> e,-.->[ <> <> <> e,-.->[ <> <> <> e,-.->[ <> b,-. b'-.] e,4-- r c8-.[ c'-. e,-. e'-.] g,4 r

}>> } }

Mozart himself titled the rondo "Alla turca".John Thompson's Modern Course for the Piano: The Fifth Grade Book. The Willis Music Company; Cincinnati, Ohio, 1952. It imitates the sound of Turkish Janissary bands, the music of which was much in vogue at that time.Schmidt-Jones, Catherine (10 May 2010). "Janissary Music and Turkish Influences on Western Music". OpenStax CNX, 10 May 2010. Retrieved from http://cnx.org/content/m15861/latest/.

Section A: This section, in A minor, consists of a rising sixteenth-note melody followed by a falling eighth note melody over a staccato eighth-note accompaniment. It is eight measures long.

Section B: This section introduces new material in a melody in thirds and eighth notes before varying the A section with a crescendo before falling back to piano by a modification of Section A.

Section C: A forte march in octaves over an arpeggiated chord accompaniment. The key changes to A major.

Section D: A piano continuous sixteenth note melody over a broken-chord accompaniment. This section is in the relative key, F-sharp minor.

Section E: A forte scale-like theme followed by a modification of section D.

Coda: A forte theme consisting mostly of chords (arpeggiated and not) and octaves. There is a brief piano restatement of the theme in the middle of the coda followed by a final forte restatement before an ending in octaves.

Relationships to later compositions and arrangements

The theme of the first movement was used by Max Reger in his Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Mozart (1914) for orchestra. [http://www.vpr.net/episode/53224/max-regers-mozart-variations/ "Max Reger's Mozart Variations"], presented by Walter Parker, Vermont Public Radio, 19 March 2012 The Israeli composer Ron Weidberg (b. 1953) used the same theme for a set of variations. Dave Brubeck's "Blue Rondo à la Turk" (1959) is not based on or related to the last movement.[http://www.notnowmusic.com/time-out-2598.html Sleeve notes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105142454/http://www.notnowmusic.com/time-out-2598.html |date=5 November 2013 }} to Time Out, notnowmusic.com

2014 autograph discovery

In 2014, Hungarian librarian Balázs Mikusi discovered in Budapest's National Széchényi Library four pages from the first and middle movements in Mozart's autograph manuscript of the sonata. Until then, only the last page of the last movement, which is preserved in the International Mozarteum Foundation, had been known to have survived. The paper and handwriting of the four pages matched that of the final page of the score, held in Salzburg. The original score is close to the first edition, published in 1784.{{cite news|last1=Kozinn|first1=Allan|author-link=Allan Kozinn|title=A Mozart Mystery: Sonata Manuscript Surfaces in Budapest|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/01/a-mozart-mystery-sonata-manuscript-surfaces-in-budapest/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=1 October 2014|page=C4}}

In the first movement, however, in bars 5 and 6 of the fifth variation, the rhythm of the last three notes was altered. In the menuetto, the last quarter beat of bar 3 is a C{{music|sharp}} in most editions, but in the original autograph an A is printed.{{Cite web|url=https://mozart.oszk.hu/index_en.html#significance|title=K. 331 Sonata in A major|access-date=6 May 2021|website=mozart.oszk.hu|author=Balázs Mikusi}} In the first edition, an A is also printed in bar 3, as in the original, but on the other hand a C{{music|sharp}} is printed in the parallel passage at bar 33, mirroring subsequent editions.See scores at NME and IMSLP.

On 26 September 2014 Zoltán Kocsis gave the first performance of the rediscovered score, at the National Széchényi Library in Budapest.{{cite web |url=https://www.classical-music.com/news/elusive-mozart-manuscript-discovered/ |title=Elusive Mozart manuscript discovered |last=Franks |first=Rebecca |date=30 September 2014 |website=.classical-music.com |publisher=BBC Music Magazine |access-date=6 October 2023}}

References

{{reflist}}

External links

{{Commons category|Piano Sonata No. 11, K 331}}

Pages from Mozart's autograph manuscript: [https://mozart.oszk.hu/index_en.html#pages/ pages from first and middle movements] and [https://digibib.mozarteum.at/ismretrorism/content/pageview/1349350/ last page of the rondo movement]

{{NMA|197|14|198|87|{{noitalic|Sonate in A KV 331}}}}

{{VHV|file=mozart/sonatas/sonata11-1a.krn|cname=Piano sonata in A major, K. 331(300i)}} (Alte Mozart-Ausgabe version)

{{IMSLP|work=Piano Sonata No.11 in A major, K.331/300i (Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus)|cname=Piano Sonata No. 11}}

[http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?searchingfor=mozart+331 Free scores of the Piano Sonata No. 11] at Mutopia Project

{{Cantorion|pieces/538/Piano_Sonata_No._11|Piano Sonata No. 11}}

{{YouTube|FZ1mj9IaczQ}}, Daniel Barenboim

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bvs3FVeybK8 Video] on YouTube, Ingrid Haebler

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXPm1Erks-w Recording] on YouTube of Zoltán Kocsis in 2014

{{Mozart piano sonatas}}

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Piano Sonata 11

Category:1783 compositions

Category:Compositions in A major

Category:Variations