Piazza Fontana bombing

On 25 April 1969, a bomb exploded at the Fiat booth at a Milan trade fair, in which five people were injured. There was also a bomb discovered at the city's central station. The explosion at Piazza Fontana was not the first, but part of a well-coordinated series of attacks.[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDexzkoW1twC&dq=piazza+fontana+bombing&pg=PR10 Bull, Anna Cento and Cooke, Philip. Ending Terrorism in Italy, Routledge, 2013] {{ISBN|9781135040802}}

{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|

1. Giovanni Arnoldi
2. Giulio China
3. Eugenio Corsini
4. Pietro Dendena
5. Carlo Gaiani
6. Calogero Galatioto
7. Carlo Garavaglia
8. Paolo Gerli
9. Luigi Meloni
10. Vittorio Mocchi
11. Gerolamo Papetti
12. Mario Pasi
13. Carlo Perego
14. Oreste Sangalli
15. Angelo Scaglia
16. Carlo Silva
17. Attilio Valè

}}

File:Giuseppe Pinelli 3.jpg]]

File:Milano - Piazza Fontana - Targa Giuseppe Pinelli Comune.jpg in memory of the anarchist Giuseppe Pinelli]]

The Piazza Fontana bombing was initially attributed to Italian anarchists. After over 80 arrests were made, the suspect Giuseppe Pinelli, an anarchist railway worker, died after falling from the fourth-floor window of the police station where he was being held.{{cite news |title=1969: Deadly bomb blasts in Italy |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/12/newsid_3953000/3953999.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=12 December 1965 |access-date=29 April 2006}} Serious discrepancies existed in the police account, which initially maintained that Pinelli had committed suicide by leaping from the window during a routine interrogation session. Three police officers interrogating Pinelli, including Commissioner Luigi Calabresi, were put under investigation in 1971 for his death, but a later inquiry, which ended on 25 October 1975, concluded that there were no wrongdoings regarding Pinelli's death: public prosecutor Gerardo D'Ambrosio established that his fall had been caused by fainting and losing balance, tired after three days of intense questioning.[http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,11/articleid,1109_01_1975_0250_0011_21477257/ "Né omicidio né suicidio: Pinelli cadde perché colto da malore"], La Stampa, 29 October 1975 {{in lang|it}}

Despite Calabresi being exonerated (he was not in the room when Pinelli fell), the far-left organisation Lotta Continua held Calabresi responsible for the death of Pinelli, and in 1972 he was murdered by left-wing militants in revenge. Adriano Sofri and Giorgio Pietrostefani, former leaders of Lotta Continua, were convicted of plotting Calabresi's assassination, while members Ovidio Bompressi and Leonardo Marino were sentenced for carrying it out."Definitive le condanne per Sofri e gli altri", Corriere della Sera, 23 January 1997 {{in lang|it}}.

File:Milano - Piazza Fontana - Lapide Vittime.jpg

Anarchist Pietro Valpreda was also arrested after a taxi driver, called Cornelio Rolandi,Indro Montanelli and Mario Cervi, L'Italia degli anni di piombo 1965-1978, Rizzoli, 1991 {{in lang|it}}. identified him as the suspicious-looking client he had taken to the bank that day. After his alibi was judged insufficient, he was held for three years in preventive detention before being sentenced for the crime. In 1987 he was acquitted by the Supreme Court of Cassation for lack of evidence.[http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1987/01/28/strage-di-piazza-fontana-azzerati-17-anni.html?ref=search "STRAGE DI PIAZZA FONTANA AZZERATI 17 ANNI DI INDAGINI"], la Repubblica, 28 January 1987 {{in lang|it}}.

The far-right neo-fascist organization Ordine Nuovo, founded by Pino Rauti, came under suspicion. On 3 March 1972 Franco Freda, Giovanni Ventura and Rauti were arrested and charged with planning the terrorist attacks of 25 April 1969 at the Trade Fair and Railway Station in Milan, and the 8 and 9 August 1969 bombings of several trains, followed by the Piazza Fontana bombing.

In 1987, after a number of trials, the Court of Cassation ruled that despite evidence linking Freda, Ventura, and others to the Piazza Fontana bombing, it could not be determined for certain who planned it, nor who carried it out. The Court confirmed the convictions of Freda and Ventura in relation to the bombs placed in Padua and Milan, for which they each received a sentence of 16 years.[http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,3/articleid,1429_02_1981_0078_0003_20236733/ "Quel tragico 12 dicembre 1969 Chi mise la bomba nella banca?"], Stampa Sera, 20 March 1981 {{in lang|it}}.

Also in 1987, the milanese Guido Salvini reopened the investigation based on new evidence. Martino Siciliano, a member of Ordine Nuovo, decided to cooperate when presented with a taped telephone conversation between Delfo Zorzi and some associates which contained the observation that, "the Siciliano problem could be solved with a 9 calibre gun".Salvini, Guido. Sentenza-ordinanza, 3 February 1998, p. 30 Siciliano said that he had been present at a meeting with Zorzi and Carlo Maria Maggi in April 1969, in the Ezzelino bookstore in Padua owned by Giovanni Ventura, when Freda announced the program of the train bombings. Despite a death threat from Pino Rauti, electrician Tullio Fabris testified that he had supplied Freda with primers and timers.

Carlo Digilio, confessed explosives expert and advisor to the Ordine Nuovo in the Veneto was convicted in June 2001, which was subsequently upheld on appeal in March 2004.[https://books.google.com/books?id=EUtFAAAAQBAJ&dq=piazza+fontana+bombing&pg=PA33 Bull, Anna Cento. Italian Neofascism, Berghahn Books, 2012] {{ISBN|9780857454508}} Digilio displayed instances of memory loss after suffering a stroke in 1995. His subsequent confusion regarding dates and events led to the Court declaring him an unreliable witness.

In a 2004 trial of neo-fascists, the Milan Court of Appeal attributed the Piazza Fontana bombing to Freda and Ventura. However, since they had been acquitted in 1987 they could not be retried.

In 1998, Milan judge Guido Salvini indicted U.S. Navy officer David Carrett on charges of political and military espionage for his participation in the Piazza Fontana bombing. Salvini also opened up a case against Sergio Minetto, an Italian official of the U.S.-NATO intelligence network, and "collaboratore di giustizia" Carlo Digilio (Uncle Otto), who served as the CIA coordinator in Northeastern Italy in the sixties and seventies. The newspaper la Repubblica reported that Carlo Rocchi, CIA's man in Milan, was discovered in 1995 searching for information concerning Operation Gladio.{{cite news|first1=Giovanni Maria|last1=Bellu|url=http://www.repubblica.it/online/fatti/fontana/fontana/fontana.html|title=Strage di Piazza Fontana spunta un agente USA|journal=La Repubblica|language=it|date=11 February 1998|archive-url=https://archive.today/qYEBY|archive-date=9 February 1999|url-status=live}} The inquiry was also conducted by the Venetian judge Felice Casson who charged the then director of SISMI, Sergio Siracusa, of having paid a sum to the justice collaborator Martino Siciliano, but Siracusa refused to testify.{{cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/online/fatti/fontana/siracusa/siracusa.html|title=Piazza Fontana, indagato un generale dell'Arma|language=it|trans-title=Piazza Fontana: charged an Army's general|date=10 April 1998|quote=...per le indagini preliminari di Milano, dottor Guido Salvini|location=Rome|archive-url=https://archive.today/qYEBY|archive-date=4 November 2005|url-status=live}} The sum ranged between 50{{cite web|first1=Luciano|last1=Ferraro|url=https://ricerca.gelocal.it/gazzettadimodena/archivio/gazzettadimodena/1998/04/12/PA304.html|title=Punto a favore di Salvini e Siracusa Le accuse di Casson archiviate a Brescia|location=Venice|date=12 April 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182657/https://ricerca.gelocal.it/gazzettadimodena/archivio/gazzettadimodena/1998/04/12/PA304.html|archive-date=9 July 2021|url-status=live}} and 100 millions of the then Italian lira.{{cite web|url=http://dati.camera.it/ocd/aic.rdf/aic3_02212_13|title=Question time of the Italian deputy Vincenzo Fragalà|date=20 April 1998|website=Italian Chamber of Deputies|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210709182638/http://dati.camera.it/ocd/aic.rdf/aic3_02212_13|archive-date=9 July 2021|url-status=live|access-date=9 July 2021}} Salvini charged Casson of violation of the preliminary secret, but the judges of Trieste and Brescia rejected his accusations.

General {{Interlanguage link|Gianadelio Maletti|it}}, the head of SID ({{lang|it|Servizio Informazioni Difesa}}), and a member of the secret masonic society P2 was found responsible for obstructing the investigation and withholding information during the first trial in Catanzaro. In an effort to protect extreme right-wing groups, Maletti destroyed a report concerning the Padua cell of Ordine Nuovo and arranged for potential witnesses to leave the country. Maletti subsequently emigrated to South Africa.Salvini, Guido. Sentenza-ordinanza, 18 March 1995, pp. 312-313{{Cite web |date=2021-07-19 |title=Morto il generale Gianadelio Maletti, l'agente segreto condannato per il depistaggio di piazza Fontana |url=https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2021/07/19/news/gianadelio_maletti_morto_johannesburg_servizi_segreti_depistaggio_piazza_fontana_sid_pecorelli_loggia_p2-310867564/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=la Repubblica |language=it}}{{better source needed|date=November 2021}}

Captain Antonio Labruna, of SID, was also implicated in aiding and abetting the departure of witnesses Marco Pozzan and Giannettini Guido. Maletti and Labruna were convicted in January 1987.{{Cite book |last1=Lucarelli |first1=Carlo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68CGGQAACAAJ |title=Piazza Fontana |last2=Biondo |first2=Nicola |last3=Catamo |first3=Giuliana |date=2007 |publisher=Einaudi |isbn=978-88-06-18524-4 |pages=100–101 |language=it}}

Several elements brought the investigators to the theory that members of extreme right-wing groups were responsible for the bombings{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}:

• The composition of the bombs used in Piazza Fontana was identical to that of the explosives that Ventura hid in a friend's home a few days after the attacks.
• The bags where the bombs were hidden had been bought a couple of days before the attacks in a shop in Padua, the city where Freda lived.

Main stages of the trial:

• Rome, 23 February 1972, the trial started. Main defendants: Pietro Valpreda and Mario Merlino. Ten days later, the process was moved to Milan for lack of territorial jurisdiction. Then it was transferred to Catanzaro for reasons of public order.Sergio Zavoli, La notte della Repubblica, Nuova Eri, 1992 {{in lang|it}}.
• Catanzaro, 18 March 1974, second trial. It was suspended after 30 days due to the inclusion of new defendants: Franco Freda and Giovanni Ventura.
• 27 January 1975, third trial. Co-defendants: anarchists and neo-fascists. After a year, new suspension: Defendant: Guido Giannettini (Italian secret agent).
• 18 January 1977, fourth trial. Defendants: anarchists, neo-fascists and SID.
• 23 February 1979, judgment: life imprisonment for Freda, Ventura and Giannettini. Acquitted: Valpreda and Merlino. Freda and Ventura were also sentenced in relation to the bombs placed in Padua and Milan from April to August 1969, while Valpreda and Merlino were sentenced to 4 ½ years for conspiracy.[http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,1/articleid,1070_01_1979_0045_0001_15309832/ "Ergastolo a Freda, Ventura e Giannettini, colpevoli della strage di piazza Fontana"], La Stampa, 24 February 1979 {{in lang|it}}.
• Catanzaro, 22 May 1980, starts the appeal process.[http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,9/articleid,1062_01_1980_0110_0009_15114529/ "Si torna a cercare la verità sulla strage di piazza Fontana"], La Stampa, 22 May 1980 {{in lang|it}}.
• 20 March 1981, judgment of appeal: all defendants were acquitted. The Appeal Court confirmed the sentence for Freda and Ventura (15 years of jail) in relation to the bombs placed in Padua and Milan, and confirmed the sentences to Valpreda and Merlino for conspiracy."Tutti fuori, neri e rossi", il Giornale nuovo, 21 March 1981 {{in lang|it}}. The Prosecutor had asked for all the defendants to life in prison.[http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,5/articleid,1068_01_1980_0277_0005_15444120/ "Catanzaro: anche per Valpreda l'accusa chiederà l'ergastolo"], La Stampa, 13 December 1980 {{in lang|it}}.
• 10 June 1982: the Supreme Court cancelled the judgment, acquitted Giannettini and ordered a new trial.
• Bari, 13 December 1984, new appeal trial. Defendants: Pietro Valpreda, Mario Merlino, Franco Freda and Giovanni Ventura.
• 1 August 1985, new judgment: all defendants were acquitted for lack of evidence.[http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1985/08/02/una-strage-senza-colpevoli.html?ref=search "UNA STRAGE SENZA COLPEVOLI"], la Repubblica, 2 August 1985 {{in lang|it}}. The Prosecutor had asked life imprisonment to Freda and Ventura,[http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1985/07/12/ergastolo-freda-ventura-vollero-la-strage-di.html?ref=search "ERGASTOLO A FREDA E VENTURA VOLLERO LA STRAGE DI MILANO"], la Repubblica, 12 July 1985 {{in lang|it}}. full acquittal to Valpreda,[http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1985/07/13/pietro-valpresa-innocente-non-mise-la.html?ref=search "PIETRO VALPRESA E' INNOCENTE NON MISE LA BOMBA NELLA BANCA"], la Repubblica, 13 July 1985 {{in lang|it}}. and acquittal for lack of evidence to Merlino.[http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1985/07/16/le-prove-non-bastano-per-condannare-merlino.html?ref=search "LE PROVE NON BASTANO PER CONDANNARE MERLINO DUE ANNI A MALETTI"], la Repubblica, 16 July 1985 {{in lang|it}}.
• 27 January 1987: the Supreme Court confirmed the sentence.

The supreme Court of Cassation sentenced two members of the Italian secret services – General Gian Adelio Maletti (1 year of jail) and Captain Antonio Labruna (10 months) – to having misled the investigation and acquitted Marshal Gaetano Tanzilli, accused of perjury.

• Catanzaro, 26 October 1987, new trial. Neo-fascists defendants: Massimiliano Fachini and Stefano Delle Chiaie.
• 20 February 1989, judgment: the defendants were acquitted for not having committed the crime. The Prosecutor had asked life imprisonment to Delle Chiaie and acquittal for lack of evidence to Fachini.[http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1989/02/21/delle-chiaie-tornato-libero.html?ref=search "DELLE CHIAIE E' TORNATO LIBERO"], la Repubblica, 21 February 1989 {{in lang|it}}.
• 5 July 1991: the Appeal Court in Catanzaro confirmed the acquittal of Stefano Delle Chiaie.

• Milan, 24 February 2000, new trial. Neo-fascists defendants: Delfo Zorzi, Carlo Maria Maggi (a physician), Carlo Digilio and Giancarlo Rognoni.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}
• 30 June 2001, judgment: life imprisonment for Delfo Zorzi, Carlo Maria Maggi and Giancarlo Rognoni. Carlo Digilio received immunity from prosecution in exchange for his information."Tre ergastoli per la strage di piazza Fontana", Corriere della Sera, 1 July 2001 {{in lang|it}}.
• Milan, 16 October 2003, starts the appeal trial."Processo d' appello per la strage I familiari: «La città ci aiuti»", Corriere della Sera, 14 October 2003 {{in lang|it}}.
• 12 March 2004, judgment of appeal: Zorzi and Maggi were acquitted for lack of evidence, Rognoni were acquitted for not having committed the crime."Piazza Fontana, l' appello cancella gli ergastoli", Corriere della Sera, 13 March 2004 {{in lang|it}}.
• 3 May 2005: the Supreme Court confirmed the sentence."Ultima sentenza sulla strage: neofascisti assolti", Corriere della Sera, 4 May 2005 {{in lang|it}}.

Stefano Tringali, accused of abetting, benefited from the prescription after being sentenced to one year in prison in the appeal trial."Dolore e beffa, i familiari pagheranno le spese", Corriere della Sera, 4 May 2005 {{in lang|it}}.

The Supreme Court rejected as «false» Digilio's «alleged affiliation with US services». The Court found that in 1969 the Venetian group of Zorzi and Maggi organized the attacks, but it is not proven their participation in the massacre of 12 December.

The Court certified that Martino Siciliano (another Ordine Nuovo's pentito) attended the assembly with Zorzi and Maggi in April 1969, in the library Ezzelino of Padua, where Freda announced the program of the train bombings. But since those bombs didn't kill anybody, it was not evidence of the involvement of Zorzi and Maggi in the next subversive strategy of Freda and Ventura, nor in the other acts of terrorism. The tragic events of 12 December 1969 didn't represent a loose cannon, but were the result of a subversive operation enrolled in a program well settled."Freda e Ventura erano colpevoli", Corriere della Sera, 11 June 2005 {{in lang|it}}.

The bombing was the work of the right-wing group Ordine Nuovo ("New Order"), whose aim was to prevent the country from falling into the hands of the left wing by duping the public into believing the bombings were part of a communist insurgency.

A 2000 parliamentary report published by the Olive Tree coalition read that "U.S. intelligence agents were informed in advance about several right-wing terrorist bombings, including the December 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing in Milan and the Piazza della Loggia bombing in Brescia five years later, but did nothing to alert the Italian authorities or to prevent the attacks from taking place." It also alleged that Pino Rauti (at that time the leader of the MSI Fiamma-Tricolore party), a journalist and founder of the far-right New Order organization, received regular funding from a press officer at the U.S. embassy in Rome. "So even before the 'stabilising' plans that Atlantic circles had prepared for Italy became operational through the bombings, one of the leading members of the subversive right was literally in the pay of the American embassy in Rome", the report says.[http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/us.terrorism_graun_24jun2000.html US 'supported anti-left terror in Italy'], The Guardian, 24 June 2000. Paolo Emilio Taviani, the Christian Democrat co-founder of Gladio (NATO's stay-behind anti-Communist organization in Italy), told investigators that the SID military intelligence service was about to send a senior officer from Rome to Milan to prevent the bombing, but decided to send a different officer from Padua in order to put the blame on left-wing anarchists.

In an August 2000 interview with Il Secolo XIX newspaper Taviani said that he did not believe the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was involved in organising the Milan bomb. However, he alleged, "It seems to me certain, however, that agents of the CIA were among those who supplied the materials and who muddied the waters of the investigation."[https://www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,,510075,00.html Paolo Emilio Taviani], obituary by Philip Willan, in The Guardian, 21 June 2001.

According to the Swiss writer Daniele Ganser and British journalist Philip Willan, the bombing was the work of a network of far-right militants, as part of a terrorist campaign known as a strategy of tension, with the aim of blaming the crime on communist cells, discrediting the political left, and be a catalyst to move away from democratic institutions.Daniele Ganser, "Nato's Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe" (New York: Routledge, 2005)Philip Willan, "Puppetmasters: The Political Use of Terrorism in Italy" (London: Constable, 1991 One member Vincenzo Vinciguerra of the right-wing conspiracy involved in the series of Strategy of tension terrorist bombings explained "The December 1969 explosion was supposed to be the detonator which would have convinced the political and military authorities to declare a state of emergency."La Repubblica, 11 February 1998 [https://www.repubblica.it/online/fatti/fontana/fontana/fontana.html "Strage di Piazza Fontana spunta un agente USA"]Washington Post, 14 November 1990, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/11/14/cia-organized-secret-army-in-western-europe/e0305101-97b9-4494-bc18-d89f42497d85/ "CIA Organized Secret Army in Western Europe"]

• 12 dicembre (documentary film by Giovanni Bonfanti and Pier Paolo Pasolini)
• Accidental Death of an Anarchist (a satirical play by Dario Fo about the bombings)
• La notte della Repubblica (TV programme)
• Piazza Fontana: The Italian Conspiracy
• "{{ill|Commissione Stragi|it|Commissione Stragi|vertical-align=sup}}"
• Operation Gladio

{{Reflist}}

• [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDexzkoW1twC&dq=piazza+fontana+bombing&pg=PR10 Bull, Anna Cento and Cooke, Philip. Ending Terrorism in Italy, Routledge, 2013] {{ISBN|9781135040802}}
• Fasanella - Cereghino. Colonia Italia. Giornali radio e tv: cosi' gli Inglesi ci controllano. Le prove nei documenti top secret di Londra (Chiarelettere, 2015). pp 236–261. (In Italian).

• [http://www.raistoria.rai.it/articoli-programma/la-notte-della-repubblica-piazza-fontana/26178/default.aspx La notte della Repubblica - Piazza Fontana] from Rai.Tv (Italian)
• [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/12/newsid_3953000/3953999.stm On this day] from BBC News 12 December 1969

{{Authority control}}

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