Picoides
{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{For|the Society of Canadian Ornithologists newsletter|Picoides (newsletter)}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Picoides
| image = Three-toed Woodpecker - Finlandia 0005 (3).jpg
| image2 = Color key to North American birds (Page 32) BHL7583568, Picoides, three-toed.jpg
| image2_caption = Eurasian three-toed woodpecker (P. tridactylus), adult male and the three-toed foot which lacks the first digit
| taxon = Picoides
| authority = Lacépède, 1799
| type_species = Picus tridactylus{{cite web |url= https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=96 |title= Picidae |author= |date= |website= aviansystematics.org |publisher= The Trust for Avian Systematics |access-date= 2023-07-26}}
| type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
Picoides is a genus of woodpeckers (family Picidae) that are native to Eurasia and North America, commonly known as three-toed woodpeckers.
Taxonomy
The genus Picoides was introduced by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799.{{ cite book | last=Lacépède | first=Bernard Germain de | author-link=Bernard Germain de Lacépède | year=1799 | title=Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle | chapter=Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux | language=fr | publisher=Plassan | place=Paris | page=7 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uhAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA81 }} Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections. The type species was subsequently designated as the Eurasian three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1840.{{ cite book | last=Gray | first=George Robert | author-link=George Robert Gray | year=1840 | title=A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus | place=London | publisher=R. and J.E. Taylor | page=54 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13668971 }}{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1948 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=6 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=215 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14477648}} The genus name combines the Latin Picus for a woodpecker and the Greek -oidēs meaning "resembling".{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |page=306}} The genus Picoides formerly contained around 12 species. In 2015 a molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences from pied woodpeckers found that three existing genera (Picoides, Veniliornis and Dendropicos) were polyphyletic. After the resurrection of five monophyletic genera and the subsequent rearrangement in which most of the former members of Picoides were moved to Leuconotopicus and Dryobates, only three of the original species remained.{{ cite journal | last1=Fuchs | first1=J. | last2=Pons | first2=J.M. | year=2015 | title=A new classification of the pied woodpeckers assemblage (Dendropicini, Picidae) based on a comprehensive multi-locus phylogeny | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=88 | pages=28–37 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.016 | pmid=25818851| bibcode=2015MolPE..88...28F }}{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | title=Woodpeckers | work= World Bird List Version 6.2 | url= http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/woodpeckers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| access-date = 5 May 2016 }}
Description
The males of all three species have yellow on the crown, though this feature is also present in some other pied woodpeckers, namely brown-fronted and yellow-crowned. The remaining color pattern of the plumage, structural features, and life habits are very similar to related woodpeckers of the Dryobates and Leuconotopicus genera.{{cite journal |last1=Delacour |first1=J. |title=The significance of the number of toes in some woodpeckers and kingfishers |journal=The Auk |date=January 1951 |volume=68 | issue = 1 |pages=49–51 | doi = 10.2307/4080797 |jstor=4080797 |url= https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v068n01/p0049-p0051.pdf |access-date=20 September 2018}} The foot of all three species show an extreme adaptation to arboreal living by lacking the first digit, or hallux. It has been pointed out however that various species of pied woodpecker are similar in having a short first digit. Two species of woodpecker in genus Sasia (not closely related) also lack the first digit.
Habits
As opposed to genus Dryobates, the three species of Picoides obtain most (some 85%) of their insect prey by pecking live or dead wood. The hairy woodpecker (Leuconotopicus villosus) for instance, obtains only 45% of its food by pecking wood, 30% from the surface of trunks and 25% at other places.
Species
The genus contains the following three species:
{{Species table |genus= Picoides |authority-name=Lacépède |authority-year=1799 |species-count=three|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}
{{Species table/row
|name=Eurasian three-toed woodpecker |binomial=Picoides tridactylus
|image=File:Three-toed Woodpecker - Finlandia 0005 (3).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male
|image2=File:Samica dzięcioła trójpalczastego pod Luboniem Wielkim, 20210306 0853 5758.jpg|image2-caption=Female
|authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= across northern Eurasia from Norway to Korea.
|range-image=File:(Eurasian) Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus distribution in Eurasia map.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Eight subspecies |bullets=on
| P. t. tridactylus (Linnaeus, 1758)
| P. t. alpinus Brehm, CL, 1831
| P. t. crissoleucus (Reichenbach, 1854)
| P. t. albidior Stejneger, 1885
| P. t. tianschanicus Buturlin, 1907
| P. t. kurodai Yamashina, 1930
| P. t. inouyei Yamashina, 1943
| P. t. funebris Verreaux, J, 1871
}}
}}
{{Species table/row
|name= American three-toed woodpecker|binomial=Picoides dorsalis
|image=File:American Three-toed Woodpecker - Picoides dorsalis (Male).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male
|authority-name=Baird |authority-year=1858 |authority-not-original=
|range= western Canada, Alaska and the western United States
|range-image=File:American Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides dorsalis distribution map 2.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
|P. d. dorsalis.
|P. d. fasciatus
}}
}}
{{Species table/row
|name= Black-backed woodpecker|binomial=Picoides arcticus
|image=File:Picoides arcticus -Brunswick, Vermont, USA -male-8.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male
|image2=File:Picoides arcticus FM2.jpg|image2-caption=Female
|authority-name=Swainson |authority-year=1832 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Canada, Alaska, the north-western United States
|range-image=File:Picoides arcticus map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}
{{Species table/end}}
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Cavitaves|Pi.|state=collapsed}}
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