Pika

File:Collared Pika - Hatchers Pass Alaska.jpg on Hatcher Pass, Alaska]]

Pikas are native to cold climates in Asia and North America. Most species live on rocky mountainsides, where numerous crevices are available for their shelter, although some pikas also construct crude burrows. A few burrowing species are native to open steppe land. In the mountains of Eurasia, pikas often share their burrows with snowfinches, which build their nests there.{{cite book|editor= Macdonald, D.|author= Kawamichi, Takeo|year= 1984|title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher= Facts on File|location= New York|pages= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/726 726]–727|isbn= 978-0-87196-871-5|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0}} Changing temperatures have forced some pika populations to restrict their ranges to even higher elevations.{{Cite journal|last1=Erb|first1=Liesl P|last2=Ray|first2=Chris|last3=Guralnick|first3=Robert|date=2011-09-01|title=On the generality of a climate-mediated shift in the distribution of the American pika (Ochotona princeps)|journal=Ecology|volume=92|issue=9|pages=1730–1735|doi=10.1890/11-0175.1|pmid=21939069|bibcode=2011Ecol...92.1730E |doi-access=free}}

{{Further|Cecotrope}}

Pikas are small mammals, with short limbs and rounded ears. They are about {{convert|15|to|23|cm|in|abbr=on}} in body length and weigh between {{convert|120|and|350|g|oz|abbr=on}}, depending on species.

These animals are herbivores and feed on a wide variety of plant matter, including forbs, grasses, sedges, shrub twigs, moss and lichens. Easily digestible food is processed in the gastrointestinal tract and expelled as regular feces. But in order to get nutrients out of hard to digest fiber, pika ferment fiber in the cecum (in the GI tract) and then expel the contents as cecotropes, which are reingested (cecotrophy). The cecotropes are then absorbed in the small intestine to utilize the nutrients.

Collared pikas have been known to store dead birds in their burrows for food during winter and eat the feces of other animals.

As with other lagomorphs, pikas have gnawing incisors and no canines, although they have fewer molars than rabbits. They have a dental formula of {{DentalFormula|upper=2.0.3.2|lower=1.0.2.3}} = 26.{{Cite book |last=Elbroch |first=Mark |title=Animal Skulls : A Guide to North American Species |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8117-3309-0 |location=Mechanicsburg, PA |page=248}} Another similarity that pikas share with other lagomorphs is that the bottom of their paws are covered with fur and lack paw pads.{{Cite web|title=Pika {{!}} mammal|url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/pika|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}

Rock-dwelling pikas have small litters of fewer than five young, whilst the burrowing species tend to give birth to more young and to breed more frequently, possibly owing to a greater availability of resources in their native habitats. The young are born altricial (eyes and ears closed, no fur) after a gestation period of between 25 and 30 days.

File:Pika pile.JPG, Utah]]

File:Ochotona princeps pika haying in rocks.jpg, California]]

Pikas are active during daylight (diurnal) or twilight hours (crepuscular), with higher-elevation species generally being more active during the daytime. They show their peak activity just before the winter season. Pikas do not hibernate and remain active throughout the winter by traveling in tunnels under rocks and snow and eating dried plants that they have stored.{{Cite web |date=August 21, 2018 |title=American Pikas |url=https://www.nps.gov/band/learn/nature/pika.htm |access-date=January 18, 2024 |website=National Park Service}} Rock-dwelling pikas exhibit two methods of foraging: the first involves direct consumption of food, and the second is characterized by the gathering of plants to store in a "haypile" of cached plants.{{Cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Andrew T. |title=Lagomorphs: Pikas, Rabbits, and Hares of the World |last2=Charlotte H. |first2=Charlotte H. |last3=Alves |first3=Paulo C. |last4=Hackländer |first4=Klaus |date=January 1, 2018 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-1421423401 |publication-date=January 1, 2018 |pages=69 |language=English}}

The impact of human activity on the tundra ecosystems where pikas live has been recorded dating back to the 1970s.Brown, R. W., R. S. Johnston, and K. Van Cleve. "Rehabilitation problems of Arctic and alpine regions." Reclamation of drastically disturbed lands (1978): 23-44. Rather than hibernate during winter, pikas forage for grasses and other forms of plant matter and stash these findings in protected dens in a process called "haying". They eat the dried plants during the winter.Dearing, M. Denise. "The function of haypiles of pikas (Ochotona princeps)." Journal of Mammalogy 78.4 (1997): 1156-1163. APA When pikas mistake humans as predators, they may respond to humans as they do to other species that do prey on pikas. Such interactions with humans have been linked to pikas having reduced amounts of foraging time, consequentially limiting the amount of food they can stockpile for winter months.{{Cite journal|last1=Stafl|first1=Natalie|last2=O'Connor|first2=Mary I.|date=2015-08-01|title=American Pikas' (Ochotona princeps) Foraging Response to Hikers and Sensitivity to Heat in an Alpine Environment|url=https://doi.org/10.1657/AAAR0014-057|journal=Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research|volume=47|issue=3|pages=519–527|doi=10.1657/AAAR0014-057|bibcode=2015AAAR...47..519S |s2cid=86263545|issn=1523-0430}} Pikas prefer foraging in temperatures below {{convert|25|C}}, so they generally spend their time in shaded regions and out of direct sunlight when temperatures are high. A link has also been found between temperature increases and lost foraging time, where for every increase of {{cvt|1|C-change}} to the ambient temperature in alpine landscapes home to pikas, those pikas lose 3% of their foraging time.

Eurasian pikas commonly live in family groups and share duties of gathering food and keeping watch. Some species are territorial. North American pikas (O. princeps and O. collaris) are asocial, leading solitary lives outside the breeding season.{{cite web |url= http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Ochotona_collaris/ |title= Ochotona collaris|last= Leininger |first= Charlene |date= 2009 |website= Animal Diversity Web|publisher= |access-date= March 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628150601/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Ochotona_collaris/ |archive-date=2013-06-28 }}

Pikas have distinct calls, which vary in duration. The call can be short and quick, a little longer and more drawn out or long songs. The short calls are an example of geographic variation. The pikas determine the appropriate time to make short calls by listening for cues for sound localization.{{Cite journal|title = Geographic Variation in Short Calls of Pikas (Ochotona princeps)|journal = Journal of Mammalogy|date = 1982-02-25|pages = 48–52|volume = 63|issue = 1|doi = 10.2307/1380670|first = Douglas A.|last = Conner|jstor = 1380670}} The calls are used for individual recognition, predator warning signals, territory defense, or as a way to attract potential mates.{{Cite journal|last1=Trefry|first1=Sarah A.|last2=Hik|first2=David S.|date=2009|title=Variation in pika (Ochotona collaris, O. princeps) vocalizations within and between populations|journal=Ecography|volume=33|issue=4|pages=784–795|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05589.x|doi-access=free}} There are also different calls depending on the season. In the spring the songs become more frequent during the breeding season. In late summer the vocalizations become short calls. Through various studies, the acoustic characteristics of the vocalizations can be a useful taxonomic tool.{{cite journal|title = Dialects in southern Rocky Mountain pikas, Ochotona princeps (Lagomorpha)|doi = 10.1016/S0003-3472(73)80050-8|volume=21|journal=Animal Behaviour|pages=124–137|year = 1973|last1 = Somers|first1 = Preston| issue=1 }}

The average lifespan of pikas in the wild is roughly seven years. A pika's age may be determined by the number of adhesion lines on the periosteal bone on the lower jaw. The lifespan does not differ between the sexes.{{Cite journal|title = Age determination in yellow-pine chipmunks (Tamias amoenus): a comparison of eye lens masses and bone sections|journal = Canadian Journal of Zoology|date = 2003-10-01|pages = 1774–1779|volume = 81|issue = 10|doi = 10.1139/z03-173|first1 = Jennifer M|last1 = Barker|first2 = Rudy|last2 = Boonstra|first3 = Albrecht I|last3 = Schulte-Hostedde}}

{{main|List of ochotonids}}

The 29 extant species currently recognized are:

• Order Lagomorpha
• Family Ochotonidae: pikas
• Genus Ochotona
• Subgenus Conothoa: mountain pikas
• Chinese red pika, O. erythrotis
• Forrest's pika, O. forresti
• Glover's pika, O. gloveri
• Ili pika, O. iliensis
• Koslov's pika, O. koslowi
• Ladak pika, O. ladacensis
• Large-eared pika, O. macrotis
• Royle's pika, O. roylei
• Turkestan red pika, O. rutila
• Subgenus Ochotona: shrub-steppe pikas
• Gansu pika or gray pika, O. cansus
• Plateau pika or black-lipped pika, O. curzoniae
• Daurian pika, O. dauurica
• Nubra pika, O. nubrica
• Steppe pika, O. pusilla
• Afghan pika, O. rufescens
• Tsing-ling pika, O. syrinx
• Moupin pika, O. thibetana
• Thomas's pika, O. thomasi
• Subgenus Pika: northern pikas{{Anchor |Pika (subgenus)}}
• Alpine pika or Altai pika, O. alpina
• Helan Shan pika or silver pika, O. argentata
• Collared pika, O. collaris
• Korean pika, O. coreana
• Hoffmann's pika, O. hoffmanni
• Northern pika or Siberian pika, O. hyperborea
• Manchurian pika, O. mantchurica
• Kazakh pika, O. opaca
• Pallas's pika, O. pallasii
• American pika, O. princeps
• Turuchan pika, O. turuchanensis

Many fossil forms of Ochotona are described in the literature, from the Miocene epoch to the early Holocene (extinct species) and present (16.4-0 Ma). They lived in Europe, Asia, and North America.Some species listed below are common for Eurasia and North America (O. gromovi, O. tologoica, O. zazhigini, and probably O. whartoni).

• Eurasia
• large forms
• †Ochotona chowmincheni (China: Baode area, late Miocene)
• †Ochotona gromovi (Asia, Pliocene, see also North America)
• †Ochotona gudrunae (China: Shanxi, early Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona guizhongensis (Tibet, late Miocene)
• †Ochotona lagreli (China: Inner Mongolia, late Miocene to late Pliocene)
• †Ochotona magna (China, early Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona tologoica (Transbaikalia, Pliocene, see also North America)
• †Ochotona transcaucasica (Transcaucasia: eastern Georgia and Azerbaijan, Transbaikal and probably southern Europe, early to late Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona ursui (Romania, Pliocene)
• †Ochotona zasuchini (Transbaikalia, Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona zazhigini (Asia, Pliocene, see also North America)
• †Ochotona zhangi (China, Pleistocene)
• medium-sized forms
• †Ochotona agadjianiani (Asia, Pliocene)
• †Ochotona antiqua (Moldavia, Ukraine, and the Russian Plain, Caucasus, and probably Rhodes, late Miocene to Pliocene)
• †Ochotona azerica (Transcaucasia: Azerbaijan, middle Pliocene)
• †Ochotona lingtaica (Asia, Pliocene)
• †Ochotona dodogolica (Asia: western Transbaikalia, Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona nihewanica (China: Hebei, early Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona plicodenta (Asia, Pliocene)
• †Ochotona polonica (Europe: Poland, Germany, France, Pliocene)
• small-sized forms
• †Ochotona bazarovi (Asia, upper Pliocene)
• †Ochotona dehmi (Germany: Schernfeld, Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona filippovi (Siberia, Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona gracilis (Asia, Pliocene)
• †Ochotona horaceki (Slovakia: Honce, Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona minor (China, late Miocene)
• †Ochotona sibirica (Asia, Pliocene)
• †Ochotona valerotae (France: Valerots site, Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona youngi (Asia, Pliocene)
  and others.
• other examples
• †Ochotona agadzhaniani (Transcaucasia: Armenia, Pliocene)
• †Ochotona alaica (Asia: Kyrgyzstan, Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona (Proochotona) eximia (Moldova, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Miocene to Pliocene)
• †Ochotona (Proochotona) gigas (Ukraine, Pliocene)
• †Ochotona gureevi (Transbaikalia, middle Pliocene)
• †Ochotona hengduanshanensis (China, Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona intermedia (Asia, Pliocene)
• †Ochotona (Proochotona) kalfaense (Europe: Moldova, Miocene)
• †Ochotona (Proochotona) kirgisica (Asia: Kyrgyzstan, Pliocene)
• †Ochotona kormosi (Hungary, Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona (Proochotona) kurdjukovi (Asia: Kyrgyzstan, Pliocene)
• †Ochotona largerli (Georgia, Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona lazari (Ukraine, Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona mediterranensis (Turkey, Pliocene)
• †Ochotona ozansoyi (Turkey, Miocene)
• †Ochotona pseudopusilla (Ukraine and Russian Plain, Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona spelaeus (Ukraine, late Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona tedfordi (China: Yushe Basin, late Miocene)
• †Ochotona cf. whartoni (Irkutsk Oblast and Yakutia, Pleistocene, see also North America)
• †Ochotona zabiensis (southern Poland, early Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona sp. (Greece: Maritsa, Pliocene)
• †Ochotona sp. (Hungary: Ostramos, Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona sp. (Siberia, Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona sp. (Yakutia, Pleistocene)
• North America
• †Ochotona gromovi (US: Colorado, Pliocene, see also Eurasia)
• †Ochotona spanglei (US, late Miocene or early Pliocene){{refn|group=n|name=b|Ochotona spanglei in the Paleobiology Database.}}
• †Ochotona tologoica (US: Colorado, Pliocene, see also Eurasia)
• †Ochotona whartoni (giant pika, US, Canada, Pleistocene to early Holocene, see also Eurasia){{refn|group=n|name=c|Ochotona whartoni in the Paleobiology Database.}}
• †Ochotona wheatleyi (US: Alaska, Pliocene, late Pleistocene)
• †Ochotona zazhigini (US: Colorado, Pleistocene, see also Eurasia)
• extinct small pikas similar to the O. pusilla group (Pleistocene)

Paleontologists have also described multiple forms of pika not referred to specific species (Ochotona indet.) or not certainly identified (O. cf. antiqua, O. cf. cansus, O. cf. daurica, O. cf. eximia, O. cf. gromovi, O. cf. intermedia, O. cf. koslowi, O. cf. lagrelii, O. cf. nihewanica). The statuses of Ochotona (Proochotona) kirgisica and O. spelaeus are uncertain.

The "pusilla" group of pikas is characterized by archaic (plesiomorphic) cheek teeth and small size.

The North American species migrated from Eurasia. They invaded the New World twice:

• O. spanglei during the latest Miocene or early Pliocene, followed by a roughly three-million-year-long gap in the known North American pika record
• O. whartoni (giant pika) and small pikas via the Bering Land Bridge during the earliest Pleistocene

Ochotona cf. whartoni and small pikas of the O. pusilla group are also known from Siberia. The extant, endemic North American species appeared in the Pleistocene. The North American collared pika (O. collaris) and American pika (O. princeps) have been suggested to have descended from the same ancestor as the steppe pika (O. pusilla).

The range of Ochotona was larger in the past, with both extinct and extant species inhabiting Western Europe and Eastern North America, areas that are currently free of pikas. Pleistocene fossils of the extant steppe pika O. pusilla currently native to Asia have been found also in many countries of Europe from the United Kingdom to Russia and from Italy to Poland, and the Asiatic extant northern pika O. hyperborea in one location in the middle Pleistocene United States.

File:Pika Ochotona sp. fossil distribution 2.png pikas and Ochotona indet. are {{color|red|red}}, steppe pika O. pusilla {{color|blue|blue}}, northern pika O. hyperborea {{color|green|green}}, other extant pikas black.{{refn|group=n|name=a|The coordinates of additional fossils not listed in the xls file attached to Ge and all paper were taken from the Paleobiology Database.}}]]

File:Fossil occurrences of leporids and ochotonids and global environmental change.png occurrences of leporids and ochotonids and global environmental change (climate change, C₃/C₄ plants distribution)]]

While Ochotona is the only currently living genus of Ochotonidae, extinct genera of ochotonids include †Albertona, †Alloptox, †Amphilagus, †Australagomys, †Austrolagomys, †Bellatona, †Bellatonoides, †Bohlinotona, †Cuyamalagus, †Desmatolagus, †Eurolagus, †Gripholagomys, †Gymnesicolagus, †Hesperolagomys, †Heterolagus, †Kenyalagomys, †Lagopsis, †Marcuinomys, †Ochotonoides, †Ochotonoma, †Oklahomalagus, †Oreolagus, †Paludotona, †Piezodus, †Plicalagus, †Pliolagomys, †Prolagus, †Proochotona (syn. Ochotona), †Pseudobellatona, †Ptychoprolagus, †Russellagus, †Sinolagomys, †Titanomys and †Tonomochota.{{cite journal|last1=Tiunov|first1=Mikhail P.|last2=Gusev|first2=Alexander E.|year=2021|title=A new extinct ochotonid genus from the Late Pleistocene of the Russian Far East|journal=Palaeoworld|volume=30|issue=3|pages=562–572|doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2020.08.003}} The earliest one is Desmatolagus (middle Eocene to Miocene, 42.5–14.8 Ma), usually included in the Ochotonidae, sometimes in Leporidae or in neither ochotonid nor leporid stem-lagomorphs.

Ochotonids appeared in Asia between the late Eocene and the early Oligocene, and continued to develop along with increased distribution of C₃ grasses in previously forest dominated areas under the "climatic optimum" from the late Oligocene to middle Miocene. They thrived in Eurasia, North America, and even Africa. The peak of their diversity occurred during the period from the early Miocene to middle Miocene. Most of them became extinct during the transition from the Miocene to Pliocene, which was accompanied by an increase in diversity of the leporids. It has been proposed that this switch between ochotonids and larger leporids was caused by expansion of C₄ plants (particularly the Poaceae) related to global cooling in the late Miocene, since extant pikas reveal a strong preference for C₃ plants (Asteraceae, Rosaceae, and Fabaceae, many of them C₃). Replacement of large areas of forests by open grassland first started probably in North America and is called sometimes "nature's green revolution".

{{Reflist|group=n}}

{{Reflist |30em|refs=

{{cite journal |last1=Guthrie |first1=R.D. |last2=Matthews |first2=John V. Jr. |year=1971 |title=The Cape Deceit fauna—Early pleistocene mammalian assemblage from the Alaskan arctic |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=474–510 |doi=10.1016/0033-5894(71)90060-3 |bibcode=1971QuRes...1..474G |s2cid=86601856 }}

{{cite journal |last1=Erbajeva |first1=Margarita A. |last2=Mead |first2=Jim I. |last3=Alexeeva |first3=Nadezhda V. |last4=Angelone |first4=Chiara |last5=Swift |first5=Sandra L. |year=2011 |title=Taxonomic diversity of Late Cenozoic Asian and North American ochotonids (an overview) |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |pages=1–9 |url=http://palaeo-electronica.org/2011_3/25_erbajeva/25_erbajeva.pdf |access-date=April 13, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414125811/http://palaeo-electronica.org/2011_3/25_erbajeva/25_erbajeva.pdf |archive-date=April 14, 2014 }}

{{cite journal |last1=Erbajeva |first1=Margarita A. |last2=Mead |first2=Jim I. |last3=Swift |first3=Sandra L. |year=2003 |title=Evolution and development of Asian and North American ochotonids |journal=Occasional Papers in Earth Sciences No. 5 |pages=33–34 |url=http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/publications/IMC_Program_Abtracts_2003.pdf |access-date=April 13, 2014 |quote=3rd INTERNATIONAL MAMMOTH CONFERENCE, 2003: PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS, Edited by John E. Storer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331063450/http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/publications/IMC_Program_Abtracts_2003.pdf |archive-date=March 31, 2014 }}

{{cite journal |last=Rekovets |first=Leonid |year=2003 |title=Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) in the periglacial faunas of Ukraine |journal=Occasional Papers in Earth Sciences No. 5 |pages=130–131 |url=http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/publications/IMC_Program_Abtracts_2003.pdf |access-date=April 13, 2014 |quote=3rd INTERNATIONAL MAMMOTH CONFERENCE, 2003: PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS, Edited by John E. Storer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331063450/http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/publications/IMC_Program_Abtracts_2003.pdf |archive-date=March 31, 2014 }}

{{cite web |url=http://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=49268 |title=Ochotona spanglei Shotwell 1956 |author= |work=The Paleobiology Database |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415211429/http://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=49268 |archive-date=April 15, 2014 }}

{{cite web |url=http://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=49269 |title=Ochotona whartoni Guthrie and Matthews, Jr. 1971 (pika) |author= |work=The Paleobiology Database |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414134356/http://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=49269 |archive-date=April 14, 2014 }}

{{cite journal |last=Shotwell |first=J. Arnold |year=1956 |title=Hemphillian mammalian assemblage from northeastern Oregon |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=717–738 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1956)67[717:HMAFNO]2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1956GSAB...67..717S }}

{{cite journal |last=Cai |first=Baoquan |year=1989 |title=Fossil Lagomorpha from the Late Pliocene of Yangyuan and Yuxian counties, Hebei Province |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=XXVII |issue=3 |pages=170–181 |url=http://nau.edu/uploadedFiles/Academic/CEFNS/NATSCI/SESES/Forms/fossillagomorpha.pdf |access-date=May 20, 2014 |quote=Translated by Will Downs Department of Geology Bilby Research Center Northern Arizona University October, 1990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025504/http://nau.edu/uploadedFiles/Academic/CEFNS/NATSCI/SESES/Forms/fossillagomorpha.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2016 }}

{{cite journal |last1=Fostowicz-Frelik |first1=Łucja |last2=Frelik |first2=Grzegorz |last3=Gasparik |first3=Mihály |date=October 2010 |title=Morphological phylogeny of pikas (Lagomorpha: Ochotona), with a description of a new species from the Pliocene/Pleistocene transition of Hungary |journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia |volume=159 |pages=97–117 |doi=10.1635/053.159.0107 |jstor=41446115|s2cid=83700561 }}

{{cite journal |last1=Erbajeva |first1=Margarita A. |last2=Zheng |first2=Shaohua |date=30 June 2005 |title=New data on Late Miocene – Pleistocene ochotonids (Ochotonidae, Lagomorpha) from North China |journal=Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia |volume=48A |issue=1–2 |pages=93–117 |url=http://www.isez.pan.krakow.pl/journals/azc_v/pdf/48A%281-2%29/08.pdf |access-date=May 20, 2014 |doi=10.3409/173491505783995734 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510103159/http://www.isez.pan.krakow.pl/journals/azc_v/pdf/48A%281-2%29/08.pdf |archive-date=May 10, 2017 }}

{{cite journal |last1=Čermák |first1=Stanislav |first2=Ján |last2=Obuch |last3=Benda |first3=Petr |year=2006 |title=Notes on the genus Ochotona in the Middle East (Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) |journal=Lynx |volume=37 |pages=51–66 |issn=0024-7774 |url=http://www.nm.cz/download/pm/zoo/benda_lit/Cermak2006lynx.pdf |access-date=May 22, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522143140/http://www.nm.cz/download/pm/zoo/benda_lit/Cermak2006lynx.pdf |archive-date=May 22, 2014 }}

{{cite journal |last1=Ge |first1=Deyan |last2=Wen |first2=Zhixin |last3=Xia |first3=Lin |last4=Zhang |first4=Zhaoqun |last5=Erbajeva |first5=Margarita |last6=Huang |first6=Chengming |last7=Yang |first7=Qisen |date=April 3, 2013 |title=Evolutionary History of Lagomorphs in Response to Global Environmental Change |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=4:e59668 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059668|pages=e59668 |pmid=23573205 |pmc=3616043 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...859668G |doi-access=free }} [http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/files.figshare.com/1009822/Table_S1.xls Table_S1.xls] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522194644/http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/files.figshare.com/1009822/Table_S1.xls |date=2014-05-22 }}

{{cite web |url=http://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=42159 |title= Ochotona Link 1795 (pika) |author= |work=The Paleobiology Database}}

{{cite book |last=Hordijk |first=Kees |year=2010 |title=Perseverance of pikas in the Miocene : interplay of climate and competition in the evolution of Spanish Ochotonidae (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) |journal=Geologica Ultraiectina |volume=333 |publisher=Departement Aardwetenschappen |isbn=978-90-5744-194-3 |quote=document type Dissertation [http://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/197550/hordijk.pdf?sequence=1 full text] |hdl=1874/197550 }}

}}

{{Reflist |group=pdb |30em|refs=

{{cite journal |last1=Barnosky |first1=A. D. |last2=Rasmussen |first2=D. L. |date=1988 |title=Middle Pleistocene arvicoline rodents and environmental change at 2900-meters elevation, Porcupine Cave, South Park, Colorado|journal=Annals of Carnegie Museum |volume=57 |issue=12 |pages=267–292 |doi=10.5962/p.330577 |doi-access=free }}

{{cite book |last=Belyaeva |first=E. I. |date=1948 |title=Catalogue of Tertiary Fossil Sites of the Land Mammals in the U.S.S.R. }}

{{cite journal |last=Bonifay |first=M. F. |date=1973 |title=Principaux gisements paléontologiques Français du Pléistocene Moyen: Essai de classification |journal=Le Quaternaire |pages=41–50 }}

{{cite journal |last=Cai |first=B. |date=1987 |title=A preliminary report on the Late Pliocene Micromammalian fauna from Yangyuan and Yuxian, Hebei |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=124–136 }}

{{cite journal |date=2011 |title=Out of Tibet: Pliocene woolly rhino suggests high-plateau origin of Ice Age megaherbivores |journal=Science |volume=333 |issue=6047 |pages=1285–1288 |doi=10.1126/science.1206594 |pmid=21885780|last1=Deng |first1=T. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |last3=Fortelius |first3=M. |last4=Li |first4=Q. |last5=Wang |first5=Y. |last6=Tseng |first6=Z. J. |last7=Takeuchi |first7=G. T. |last8=Saylor |first8=J. E. |last9=Säilä |first9=L. K. |last10=Xie |first10=G. |bibcode=2011Sci...333.1285D |s2cid=8913866 }}

{{cite journal |last=Erbaeva |first=M. A. |date=1986 |title=The Late Cenozoic Faunistic complexes of Transbaikalia with special reference to the micromammalia |journal=Quatärpaläontologie |volume=6 |pages=25–28 }}

{{cite journal |last=Frazier |first=M. K. |date=1977 |title=New Records of Neofiber leonardi (Rodentia: Cricetidae) and the Paleoecology of the Genus |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=368–373 |doi=10.2307/1379335|jstor=1379335 }}

{{cite journal |last=Gidley |first=J. W. |date=1913 |title=Preliminary report on a recently discovered Pleistocene cave deposit near Cumberland, Maryland |journal=Proceedings of the United States National Museum |volume=46 |issue=2014 |pages=93–102 |doi=10.5479/si.00963801.46-2014.93|hdl=2027/hvd.32044107347718 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/34077 }}

{{cite journal |last1=Grady |first1=F. |last2=Garton |first2=E. R. |date=2000 |title=Paleontology and historic field trip of the John Guilday Cave Preserve (Trout Rock) |journal=Bulletin – West Virginia Speleological Survey |volume=14 |pages=241–244 }}

{{cite journal |last=Guilday |first=J. E. |date=1979 |title=Eastern North American Pleistocene Ochotona (Lagomorpha: Mammalia). Carnegie Museum of Natural History |journal=Annals of Carnegie Museum |volume=48 |issue=24 |doi=10.5962/p.330836 |s2cid=251525193 |doi-access=free }}

{{cite journal |last=Harington |first=C. R. |date=1978 |title=Quaternary vertebrate faunas of Canada and Alaska and their suggested chronological sequence|journal=Syllogeus |volume=15 }}

{{cite journal |last=Harington |first=C. R. |date=1990 |title=Vertebrates of the last interglaciation in Canada: A review|journal=Geographie Physique et Quaternaire |volume=44 |issue=3 |doi=10.7202/032837ar |pages=375|url=http://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/gpq/1990-v44-n3-gpq1935/032837ar.pdf |doi-access=free }}

{{cite journal |last=Janossy |first=D. |date=1970 |title=Ein neuer Eomyide (Rodentia, Mammalia) aus dem Ältestpleistozän ("Oberes Villafrankium", Villanyium) des Osztramos (Nordostungarn); (A new Eomyid (Rodentia, Mammalia) from the lowermost Pleistocene (upper Villafranchian) from Osztramos mountain (Northeastern Hungary) |journal=Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici |volume=62 |pages=99–113 }}

{{cite book |last=Janossy |first=D. |date=1986 |title=Pleistocene vertebrate faunas of Hungary |journal=Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |volume=8 |isbn=978-0-444-99526-1}}

{{cite journal |author=Jopling, A. V. |date=1981 |title=Stratigraphic, Sedimentological and Faunal Evidence for the Occurrence of Pre-Sangamonian Artefacts in Northern Yukon|journal=Arctic |volume=34 |issue=1 |display-authors=etal |doi=10.14430/arctic2499|doi-access=free }}

{{cite book |last1=Kurten |first1=B. |last2=Anderson |first2=E. |date=1980 |title=Pleistocene mammals of North America |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231037334 }}

{{cite journal |last1=Mead |first1=J. I. |last2=Grady |first2=F. |date=1996 |title= Ochotona (Lagomorpha) from late Quaternary cave deposits in eastern North America|journal=Quaternary Research |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=93–101 |doi=10.1006/qres.1996.0009|bibcode=1996QuRes..45...93M |s2cid=128811270 }}

{{cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Z. |date=1987 |title=Neogene micromammals of China |journal=Whyte, P., ed. Paleoenvironment of East Asia from the Mid-Tertiary, Second International Conference on the Paleoenvironment of East Asia |volume=77 |issue=1–2 |pages=834–848 }}

{{cite journal |last=Rasmussen |first=D. L. |date=1974 |title=New Quaternary mammal localities in the upper Clark Fork River valley, western Montana |journal=Northwest Geology |volume=3 |pages=62–70 }}

{{cite journal |last1=Sotnikova |first1=M.V. |last2=Dodonov |first2=A.E. |last3=Pen'kov |first3=A.V. |date=1997 |title=Upper Cenozoic bio-magnetic stratigraphy of Central Asian mammalian localities |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=133 |issue=3–4 |pages=243–258 |doi=10.1016/s0031-0182(97)00078-3|bibcode=1997PPP...133..243S }}

{{cite journal |last=Terzea |first=E. |date=1996 |title=Biochronology of the Pleistocene deposits at Betfia (Bihor, Romania) |journal=Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=531–540 }}

{{cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=A. J. |last2=Grady |first2=F. |date=1990 |title=The middle Pleistocene rodent Atopomys (Cricetidae: Arvicolinae) from the eastern and south-central United States |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=10 |issue=4 | doi = 10.1080/02724634.1990.10011831 |pages=484–490|bibcode=1990JVPal..10..484W }}

Additional contributors to utilized records of Paleobiology Database (authorizers supplying these records) include John Alroy, Anna Behrensmeyer, Will Clyde, Alan Turner, Mark Uhen.

{{cite journal |last=Shotwell |first=J. A. |date=1956 |title=Hemphillian mammalian assemblage from Northeastern Oregon|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |volume=67 |issue=6 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1956)67[717:hmafno]2.0.co;2 |pages=717|bibcode=1956GSAB...67..717S }}

{{cite book |last=Voorhies |first=M. R. |editor-last=Gustavson |editor-first=T. C. |title=Bureau of Economic Geology Guidebook |date=1990 }}

Additional contributors to utilized records of Paleobiology Database (authorizers supplying these records) include John Alroy.

{{cite journal |last1=Guthrie |first1=R. D. | last2=Matthews | first2=J. V. Jr. |date=1971 |title=The Cape Deceit fauna—Early pleistocene mammalian assemblage from the Alaskan arctic|journal=Quaternary Research |volume=1 |issue=4 |doi=10.1016/0033-5894(71)90060-3 |pages=474–510|bibcode=1971QuRes...1..474G |s2cid=86601856 }}

{{cite journal |last=Storer |first=J. E. |date=2004 |title=A Middle Pleistocene (late Irvingtonian) mammalian fauna from Thistle Creek, Klondike Goldfields region of Yukon Territory, Canada |journal=Paludicola |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=137–150 }}

{{cite journal |last1=Tedford |first1=R. H. |last2=Wang |first2=X |last3=Taylor |first3=B. E. |date=2009 |title=Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae) |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=325 |pages=1–218|doi=10.1206/574.1|hdl=2246/5999 |s2cid=83594819 |hdl-access=free }}

Additional contributors to utilized records of Paleobiology Database (authorizers supplying these records) include John Alroy, Jonathan Marcot.

}}

• {{cite book |title=The Little-known Pika |first1=Robert Thomas |last1=Orr |edition=illustrated |location=New York |publisher=Macmillan|year=1977 |isbn=9780025939608}}

{{Commons category|Ochotona}}

{{Wikispecies|Ochotona}}

• [http://cmiae.org/national-park-feature-article/the-trek-of-the-pika/ The trek of the pika], by Michael Morris, Parks Canada, Mount Revelstoke and Glacier National Parks. (includes sound file)

{{Lagomorpha|O.}}

{{Lagomorpha Genera|La.|state=collapsed}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q184067|from2=Q4364126}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Extant Burdigalian first appearances

Category:Taxa named by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link