Pinellia ternata
{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Crow-dipper
|image = Puanh ghrah.jpg
|genus = Pinellia
|species = ternata
}}
Pinellia ternata ({{lang-zh|半夏}}, {{langx|ja|カラスビシャク}}), crow-dipper, is a plant that is native to China, Japan, and Korea. However, it also grows as an invasive weed in parts of Europe (Austria, Germany) and in North America (California, Ontario, the northeastern United States).[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=156583 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families][http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Pinellia%20ternata.png Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution map] The leaves are trifoliate, and the flowers are of the spathe and spadix form that is typical of plants in the family Araceae.[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027299 Flora of China Vol. 23 Page 42, 半夏 ban xia, Pinellia ternata (Thunberg) Tenore ex Breitenbach, Bot. Zeitung. 37: 687. 1879. ]
Characteristics
The plant spreads by rhizomes, and there are also small bulblets (also known as bulbils) at the base of each leaf. Flowers are borne in spring.{{cite journal | pmid = 16755034 | year = 2006 | last1 = Kim | first1 = YJ | last2 = Shin | first2 = YO | last3 = Ha | first3 = YW | last4 = Lee | first4 = S | last5 = Oh | first5 = JK | last6 = Kim | first6 = YS | title = Anti-obesity effect of Pinellia ternata extract in Zucker rats | volume = 29 | issue = 6 | pages = 1278–81 | journal = Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin | doi=10.1248/bpb.29.1278| doi-access = free }}
Traditional medicine
This plant is toxic in raw form and must be processed.(Bensky et al.)2015. Pinellia ternata is known as the herb effective in removing phlegm-dampness in traditional Chinese medicine.Bensky, et all. 2015.{{Cite web|title=Pinellia (Ban Xia) {!} Chinese Herbs Healing|url=http://www.chineseherbshealing.com/pinellia-ban-xia/|access-date=2020-06-21|language=en-US}} One study found that high doses of Pinellia extract effects thermogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in Zucker rats.
Phytochemicals
Pinellia ternata contains a very wide variety of phytochemicals. The alkaloids found in its rhizomes include free nucleosides (guanosine, thymidine, adenine), N-benzylisomethylamine, cycloproline, cyclo(proline-leucine), cyclo(proline-valine), choline, L-ephedrine, inosine, trigonelline, and cytidine.{{cite journal |author1=ZHOU Yali |author2=YANG Ping |author3=LI Xixiang |author4=LI Xiaofeng |title=半夏化学成分与药理作用研究进展及其质量标志物（Q-Marker）预测 |journal=中草药 |date=19 July 2024 |volume=55 |issue=14 |pages=4939–4952 |doi=10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2024.14.029 |doi-broken-date=26 February 2025 |url=https://www.tiprpress.com/zcy/article/abstract/20241429 |language=zh |issn=1674-6376}}
= Ephedrine content =
- A 1996 Chinese article reports that processing method affects ephedrine levels; its native-language abstract reports a ephedrine content of 0.00344% (= 34.4 μg/g).{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=H |last2=Tan |first2=X |last3=Cai |first3=B |last4=Ye |first4=D |script-title=zh:半夏姜制对麻黄碱含量的影响 认领|trans-title=Effect of ginger-processing on l-ephedrine contents in rhizoma Pinelliae |journal=Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi = China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica |date=March 1996 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=157–8, 190 |pmid=9206255}}
- One 2020 Chinese study extracted 5.50 μg/g of ephedrine from tubers through multiphase extraction.{{cite journal |last1=Fang |first1=L |last2=Xie |first2=J |last3=Lin |first3=L |last4=Tian |first4=M |last5=Row |first5=KH |title=Multi-phase extraction of ephedrine from Pinellia ternata and herbal medicine using molecular imprinted polymer coated ionic liquid-based silica. |journal=Phytochemical Analysis |date=March 2020 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=242–251 |doi=10.1002/pca.2888 |pmid=31435982|bibcode=2020PChAn..31..242F }}
- One 2021 Japanese study reports no ephedrine found in all 55 samples used (LC-TOF/MS, detection limit 0.5 ppb).{{cite journal |last1=Yahagi |first1=T |last2=Atsumi |first2=T |last3=Mano |first3=S |last4=Kikuchi |first4=Y |last5=Hara |first5=Y |last6=Furukawa |first6=M |last7=Yang |first7=Z |last8=Matsuzaki |first8=K |title=Quality evaluation of Pinellia tuber by LC-TOF/MS targeted to ephedrine. |journal=Journal of Natural Medicines |date=June 2021 |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=692–698 |doi=10.1007/s11418-021-01485-2 |pmid=33517509}}
Gallery
{{Gallery|align=center|height=180px|width=180px
|File:Hange.jpg
|Plant as used in Chinese herbology (crude medicine)
|Image:Puanh ghrah hrua.jpg
|The flower of Pinellia ternata, the Inflorescence
|File:Mature pinellia ternata.jpg
|Mature Pinellia ternata
|File:Pinellia ternata bulbil.jpg
|Pinellia ternata bulbil
}}
References
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External links
{{Commons category|Pinellia ternata|position=left}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1258277}}
Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine
Category:Flora of Eastern Asia
Category:Plants described in 1784
{{Araceae-stub}}