Pinfa
{{RCL}}
The Hakka Transliteration Scheme or Pinfa refers to a romanization scheme published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in September 1960 as one of four systems collectively referred to as Guangdong Romanization. The scheme describes the Meixian dialect spoken in Meizhou, Guangdong, which is considered to be the prestige dialect of Hakka, and was later adapted for Gan and Xiang.{{Cite web |last=Chappell |first=Hilary |date=2006 |title=From Eurocentrism to Sinocentrism: The Case of Object Marking Constructions in Sinitic Languages |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00180702/document |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127151939/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00180702/document |archive-date=2018-11-27 |access-date=2018-11-27 |via=HAL}}{{Cite web |title=Gan (赣语 / 江西话) |url=https://www.omniglot.com/chinese/gan.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929224025/https://www.omniglot.com/chinese/gan.htm |archive-date=2019-09-29 |access-date=2019-09-14 |website=Omniglot}} This system utilizes the Latin alphabet with superscript numbers to represent tone.{{Cite web |last=Sung |first=Dylan W. H. |date=25 April 2002 |title=Méixiànhuà pīnyīn fāng'àn |script-title=zh:梅縣話拼音方案 |url=http://www.sungwh.freeserve.co.uk/chinese/meixian.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422235107/http://www.sungwh.freeserve.co.uk/chinese/meixian.htm |archive-date=2010-04-22 |website=sungwh.freeserve.co.uk |language=en}}
System
=Letters=
This system uses the Latin alphabet, excluding the letters {{angle bracket|r}} and {{angle bracket|w}}. It also adds the letter {{angle bracket|ê}} to represent [ɛ].
=Initials=
There are 19 initials used, in addition to the null initial which occurs when no consonant is in the initial position. These are shown below:
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||||
| b [p] 波 | p [pʰ] 婆 | m [m] 摸 | f [f] 火 | v [v] 窩 |
| d [t] 多 | t [tʰ] 拖 | n [n] 挪 | l [l] 羅 | |
| g [k] 哥 | k [kʰ] 科 | ng [ŋ] 我 | h [h] 河 | |
| j [t͡si-] 擠 | q [t͡sʰi-] 妻 | x [si-] 西 | ||
| z [t͡s] 資 | c [t͡sʰ] 雌 | s [s] 思 |
The letter {{angle bracket|i}} which follows the consonants {{angle bracket|z}}, {{angle bracket|c}} and {{angle bracket|s}}, represents [ɨ] e.g. 資 zi1, 雌 ci1, 思 si1.
=Finals=
There are a total of 74 finals, shown below:
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| i [ɨ] 資 | i [i] 衣 | u [u] 姑 |
| a [a] 阿 | ia [ia] 也 | ua [ua] 掛 |
| o [ɔ] 哦 | io [iɔ] 喲 | uo [uɔ] 過 |
| ê [ɛ] 這 | iê [iɛ] (撒) | uê [uɛ] 穢 |
| ai [ai] 挨 | iai [iai] 椰 | uai [uai] 怪 |
| oi [ɔi] 哀 | ||
| au [au] 凹 | iau [iau] 腰 | |
| êu [ɛu] 歐 | ||
| iu [iu] 有 | ||
| iui [iui] 銳 | ui [ui] 貴 | |
| am [am] 庵 | iam [iam] 淹 | |
| êm [ɛm] 砧 | ||
| em [əm] 針 | im [im] 陰 | |
| an [an] 班 | ian [ian] 煙 | uan [uan] 關 |
| on [ɔn] 安 | ion [iɔn] 阮 | uon [uɔn] 管 |
| ên [ɛn] 恩 | iên [iɛn] 邊 | uên [uɛn] 耿 |
| en [ən] 真 | in [in] 因 | |
| iun [iun] 允 | un [un] 敦 | |
| ang [aŋ] 冷 | iang [iaŋ] 影 | uang [uaŋ] 礦 |
| ong [ɔŋ]} 江 | iong [iɔŋ] 央 | uong [uɔŋ] 光 |
| iung [iuŋ] 雍 | ung [uŋ] 工 | |
| ab [ap] 鴨 | iab [iap] 葉 | |
| êb [ɛp] 粒 | ||
| eb [əp] 汁 | ib [ip] 邑 | |
| ad [at] 八 | iad [iat] 乙 | uad [uat] 刮 |
| od [ɔt] 遏 | ||
| êd [ɛt] 北 | iêd [iɛt] 鱉 | uêd [uɛt] 國 |
| ed [ət] 質 | id [it] 一 | |
| iud [iut] (郁) | ud [ut] 骨 | |
| ag [ak] 扼 | iag [iak] 錫 | uag [uak] □ |
| og [ɔk] 惡 | iog [iɔk] 約 | uog [uɔk] 郭 |
| iug [iuk] 育 | ug [uk] 督 | |
| m [m] 唔 | n [n] 五 |
In the instance where a final beginning with {{angle bracket|i}} such as {{angle bracket|i}} {{angle bracket|ia}} {{angle bracket|iau}} etc. without an initial consonant (null initial) the {{angle bracket|i}} is replaced with {{angle bracket|y}}, e.g. {{angle bracket|yi}}, {{angle bracket|ya}}, {{angle bracket|yau}} etc.
=Tones=
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||||||
| Tone class | 陰平 | 陽平 | 上聲 | 去聲 | 陰入 | 陽入 |
| Tone number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Tone letter | ˦ | ˩ | ˧˩ | ˥˨ | ˩ | ˥ |
| Tone contour | 44 | 11 | 31 | 52 | 11 | 55 |
| Example | 夫 fu1 | 扶 fu2 | 府 fu3 | 富 fu4 | 福 fug5 | 服 fug6 |
See also
References
{{reflist}}
Further reading
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- {{Cite book |last=Ouyang |first=Jue 歐陽覺 |title=Guǎngzhōuhuà, Kèjiāhuà, Cháoshànhuà yǔ Pǔtōnghuà duìzhào cídiǎn |date=2005 |publisher=Guangdong renmin chubanshe |isbn=7-218-05060-3 |location=Guangzhou |pages=542-543 |script-title=zh:廣州話、客家話、潮汕話與普通話對照詞典 |display-authors=etal.}}
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