Pingyao

There was already a settlement in place at Pingyao by the reign of the Xuan King ({{abbr|r|ruled}}.{{nbsp}}{{c.|827|782}}{{nbsp}}BC), when the Zhou raised earthen ramparts around the site.{{citation |title=World Heritage Center |date=26 July 1996 |pages=10–1 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/ |contribution=World Heritage List: Ping Yao (China), No.{{nbsp}}812 |contribution-url=https://whc.unesco.org/document/154342 |location=Paris |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}.

In the Spring and Autumn period, the county belonged to the kingdom of Jin. It was part of the kingdom of Zhao in the Warring States period. Under the Qin, it was known as Pingtao. During the Han dynasty, it was known as the seat of Zhongdu County.

Pingyao served as the financial center of the region from the 16th century and of the entire Qing Empire during the late 19th century. During those times, there were more than 20 financial institutions within the city,"[https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/pingyao-china-walled-city-article Living History]"Brown, Patricia L. "Architectural Digest." 30 Nov. 2007, retrieved 19 Nov. 2024. comprising more than half of the total in the whole country. Rishengchang was the first and largest, controlling almost half of China's silver trade under the late Qing before going bankrupt in 1914 in the aftermath of the Xinhai Revolution.

Organized restorations have been undertaken periodically since the 15th century, the most recent phase beginning in 1979. In 1986, China designated Pingyao as one of the Chinese Historical and Cultural Cities. In 2004, part of the southern walls collapsed.{{Cite web |title=《世界文化遗产——平遥古城》特种邮票 - 中国邮政集团有限公司 |url=https://www.chinapost.com.cn/xhtml1/stamp/23112/2368-1.htm |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.chinapost.com.cn}}{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} In 2015, Pingyao ancient city became a national 5A-class tourist attraction.{{Cite web |title=平遥古城 |url=https://www.ccc-paris.org/zh/%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/%E5%B9%B3%E9%81%A5%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=巴黎中国文化中心 |language=zh-CN}}

Pingyao is located on the east bank of the Fen River near the southwestern edge of the Taiyuan Basin,located in the central part of Shanxi Province in northern China, southwest of Taiyuan Basin in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and eastern Loess Plateau.{{Cite web |title=平遥简介 - 中文聚焦 - 中国日报网 |url=https://cnews.chinadaily.com.cn/2017-09/15/content_32040598.htm |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=cnews.chinadaily.com.cn}} It is approximately {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}} south of central Taiyuan and {{convert|715|km|abbr=on}} southwest of Beijing, the national capital. Pingyao County is adjacent to Qi County, whose seat is also a protected historical and cultural city.

Pingyao County belongs to a temperate continental climate, characterized by a mild and dry climate, large temperature differences between winter and summer, and strong sandstorms in winter. The annual average temperature is 10.2 °C, and the annual precipitation is about 540 millimeters, with most of the precipitation concentrated in summer.{{Cite web |title=国家地理 |url=https://www.cctv.com/geography/mfms/20011210/15.html |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.cctv.com}} The climate of Pingyao is temperate. It is cold in winter, often having northwestern winds with little snow and severe fog. In the spring, the temperature varies greatly between day and night, with a little rain and some winds. Summertime is often hot, humid and rainy. Autumn days have falling temperatures with little rain and are cool and clear with abundant sunshine.

{{Weather box|width=auto

|metric first=y

|single line=y

|collapsed = Y

|location = Pingyao, elevation {{convert|780|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)

|Jan high C = 2.8

|Feb high C = 7.3

|Mar high C = 14.0

|Apr high C = 21.4

|May high C = 26.9

|Jun high C = 30.4

|Jul high C = 31.0

|Aug high C = 29.1

|Sep high C = 24.5

|Oct high C = 18.5

|Nov high C = 10.7

|Dec high C = 3.9

|Jan mean C = -4.4

|Feb mean C = -0.5

|Mar mean C = 6.3

|Apr mean C = 13.5

|May mean C = 19.3

|Jun mean C = 23.2

|Jul mean C = 24.7

|Aug mean C = 22.8

|Sep mean C = 17.5

|Oct mean C = 11.0

|Nov mean C = 3.6

|Dec mean C = -2.6

|Jan low C = -9.9

|Feb low C = -6.4

|Mar low C = -0.3

|Apr low C = 6.0

|May low C = 11.5

|Jun low C = 16.2

|Jul low C = 19.2

|Aug low C = 17.6

|Sep low C = 12.0

|Oct low C = 5.3

|Nov low C = -1.7

|Dec low C = -7.6

|Jan record high C = 13.6 |Jan record low C = -22.4

|Feb record high C = 22.2 |Feb record low C = -24.1

|Mar record high C = 29.3 |Mar record low C = -13.2

|Apr record high C = 37.3 |Apr record low C = -8.5

|May record high C = 38.0 |May record low C = -1.9

|Jun record high C = 41.1 |Jun record low C = 5.3

|Jul record high C = 39.6 |Jul record low C = 11.3

|Aug record high C = 37.7 |Aug record low C = 8.3

|Sep record high C = 37.5 |Sep record low C = -0.7

|Oct record high C = 30.3 |Oct record low C = -8.0

|Nov record high C = 24.3 |Nov record low C = -21.9

|Dec record high C = 17.5 |Dec record low C = -22.1

|year high C = |year low C =

|year high F = |year low F =

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 2.2

|Feb precipitation mm = 4.3

|Mar precipitation mm = 9.3

|Apr precipitation mm = 26.1

|May precipitation mm = 30.2

|Jun precipitation mm = 42.4

|Jul precipitation mm = 97.6

|Aug precipitation mm = 90.9

|Sep precipitation mm = 58.5

|Oct precipitation mm = 32.4

|Nov precipitation mm = 11.8

|Dec precipitation mm = 2.4

|Jan humidity = 52

|Feb humidity = 49

|Mar humidity = 46

|Apr humidity = 47

|May humidity = 47

|Jun humidity = 55

|Jul humidity = 68

|Aug humidity = 73

|Sep humidity = 72

|Oct humidity = 67

|Nov humidity = 60

|Dec humidity = 53

|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 2.3

|Feb precipitation days = 2.6

|Mar precipitation days = 3.6

|Apr precipitation days = 5.3

|May precipitation days = 6.2

|Jun precipitation days = 9.1

|Jul precipitation days = 11.3

|Aug precipitation days = 10.2

|Sep precipitation days = 8.1

|Oct precipitation days = 6.2

|Nov precipitation days = 3.7

|Dec precipitation days = 1.6

|year precipitation days =

|Jan sun = 149.2

|Feb sun = 166.8

|Mar sun = 201.9

|Apr sun = 226.0

|May sun = 248.3

|Jun sun = 224.9

|Jul sun = 213.0

|Aug sun = 199.7

|Sep sun = 177.3

|Oct sun = 180.4

|Nov sun = 161.3

|Dec sun = 150.5

|year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 48

| Feb percentsun = 54

| Mar percentsun = 54

| Apr percentsun = 57

| May percentsun = 56

| Jun percentsun = 51

| Jul percentsun = 48

| Aug percentsun = 48

| Sep percentsun = 48

| Oct percentsun = 53

| Nov percentsun = 53

| Dec percentsun = 51

| year percentsun =

|Jan snow days = 3.0

|Feb snow days = 3.6

|Mar snow days = 2.1

|Apr snow days = 0.6

|May snow days = 0

|Jun snow days = 0

|Jul snow days = 0

|Aug snow days = 0

|Sep snow days = 0

|Oct snow days = 0.1

|Nov snow days = 1.9

|Dec snow days = 2.7

|year snow days =

|source 1 = China Meteorological Administration{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=26 August 2023}}

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}}

Pingyao still retains its urban layout from the Ming and Qing dynasties, conforming to a typical ba gua pattern. More than 300 sites in or near the city have ancient ruins.{{Cite web |title=平遥古城是全国保存最完整的古城，"研究中国古代城市的活样本"_建筑 |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/350658788_100064685 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.sohu.com}} The city has over a hundred streets and lanes, lined with close to 4,000 17th–19th century shops and residences.{{citation |contribution=Ancient City of Ping Yao |contribution-url=https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=812 |url=http://whc.unesco.org |title=World Heritage Center |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |location=Paris |access-date=19 Nov 2017 }}. The streets and storefronts still largely retain their historical appearance. In addition, the ancient urban city is still home to 20,000+ people, making Pingyao one of the best examples of an ancient "living city".

Given just how fast and eager China is these days to modernize its cities and push the architectural envelope, finding such a well preserved historic city in China has become more and more scarce in recent years. Despite the ancient city being in a state of disrepair, the old urban layouts and walls still can take any visitor back in time to the Ming and Qing dynasties from which the town originated. The city walls of Pingyao were constructed in 1370, the 3rd year of the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming. They enclose an area of about {{convert|2.25|sqkm|abbr=on}}. The town is accessed by six barbican gates, one each on the north and south walls and two each on the east and west walls. This pattern is similar to that of a turtle (the head, tail and four legs), earning Pingyao the moniker "Turtle City." The walls measure about {{convert|12|m|abbr=on}} high, with a perimeter of {{convert|6,163|m|abbr=on}}. A 4{{nbsp}}m wide and {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}} deep moat can be found just outside the walls. Aside from the four structured towers at the four corners, there are also 72 watchtowers and more than 3,000 battlements. The number of defensive works supposedly represents the number of Confucius's disciples and other students. The walls are considered among the best-preserved ancient city walls on this scale-aside from the Great Wall of China, of course.

Given the extensive history of trade and growing wealth of families in the city in early 19th century China, many families were able to have great fortresslike structures built for themselves. One such structure was the Qiao family compound located just outside Pingyao. The compound was constructed in 1756, during the Qing Dynasty. The [https://www.asiaculturaltravel.co.uk/the-qiao-family-compound/ Qiao family] had made a fortune as merchants of tea and tofu. By the third generation, the family head was Qiao Zhiyong who built the merchant business into an Empire over the Shanxi province where Pingyao is located. Zhiyong made several expansions to the compound including [http://regional.chinadaily.com.cn/shanxi/2018-08/17/c_302366.htm Qiao's Grand Courtyard], which actually is an extensive courtyard complex. The 8,000+ square meter courtyard complex, meant to resemble the Chinese figure Xi (translates to "pleasure") when viewed from above, features 6 large yards with 20 smaller courtyards within them. In total, the courtyards alone are surrounded by 313 rooms with several connective alleys making patrol easy for the guards working within the complex for the Qiao family's protection. As for the house itself, the complex reflects a traditional-yet massive- example of a Qing Dynasty mansion. The construction is primarily stone and timber using various traditional methods from the Chinese 18th-19th centuries. Many entrances to the grounds are overlooked by large stone guardian lion statues, a symbol of protection in Chinese culture and often applied to Chinese architecture. Another notable aspect of the house are the extensive exterior walls, stretching 10 meters high. The Qiao family resided in the mansion until the 1980's, where sometime after the massive complex has since been converted to a museum, seeing thousands of visitors annually.

As of 2009, Pingyao had a population of 48,531 people living in 16,634 households. 12,132 residents held local hukous and 36,399 were from other parts of China.{{citation |contribution-url=http://www.pingyao.gov.cn/xxgk/gkml/jgzn/jig/5346.shtml |contribution=古陶镇基本情况 |title=Official site |url=http://www.pingyao.gov.cn |publisher=Pingyao County People's Government |location=Pingyao |date=17 December 2009 |access-date=16 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917080811/http://www.pingyao.gov.cn/ |archive-date=17 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}.

As of the end of 2023 and the beginning of 2024, the permanent population is 442,785, with an urbanization rate of 50.3%. The urban population is 222,832, the rural population is 219,953, with 225,301 males and 217,484 females.{{Cite web |title=平遥县历年统计信息公报网-统计公报库 |url=https://tjgb.hongheiku.com/tag/%E5%B9%B3%E9%81%A5%E5%8E%BF |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=tjgb.hongheiku.com}}

Pingyao Ancient City and its environs are organized as the town of "Gutao", the seat of Pingyao County. Gutao directly oversees 10 administrative villages:{{citation |contribution-url=http://www.pingyao.gov.cn/zjpy/ |contribution=走进平遥: Township Profile |title=Official site |url=http://www.pingyao.gov.cn |publisher=Pingyao County People's Government |access-date=20 Nov 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917080811/http://www.pingyao.gov.cn/ |archive-date=17 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}. {{in lang|zh}}

In the early years of Pingyao, the city played a notable part in the workings of China's Wall Street. By late 18th century to early 19th century China, much past the time of ancient dynasties, travel across the northern plains of China was no safe task. Merchants were frequently robbed when traveling to Pingyao which resided between the imperial Xi' and what is now Beijing, making it a vital trade route. To solve this problem, Pingyao merchants introduced the use of paper [https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/pingyao-china-walled-city-article#:~:text=savvily%20introduced%20paper-,remittances,-%2C%20liberating%20traders%20from remittances]or bonds, in order to relieve traveling merchants from carrying gold and silver, making travel much safer. Pingyao being a conduit for trade in China led to skyrocketing wealth among many families including the Qiao family (mentioned in architecture section).

As of 2009, the town had a labour pool of 19,059 people. 3,811 farmers worked 9977{{nbsp}}mu ({{convert|613|ha|acre|abbr=on|disp=or}}) of arable land, producing 33.7m RMB of crops, livestock, and other goods. The local focus is on increased mechanization and working the available land intensively. The area is well known for its beef and also produces grain and cotton.The rest of the workforce is divided between industry and the service sector, particularly tourism. Industry produced 840m{{nbsp}}RMB and was focused on improving the energy efficiency of its practices. A local specialty is lacquerware.{{Cite web |title="推光"一技传千年 |url=http://cul.china.com.cn/2023-03/21/content_42302691.htm |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=cul.china.com.cn}} The service sector, including tourism, produced less income than industry—790m{{nbsp}}RMB–but was growing rapidly and marked for special focus by local government.

File:1 pingyao ancient city aerial pano 2019.jpg

Pingyao Ancient City is located 90 kilometers south of Taiyuan, Shanxi, and is one of the world historical and cultural heritage sites approved by the United Nations. Pingyao Ancient City is the most well preserved prototype of an ancient Chinese county town from the Ming and Qing dynasties in China. It is a large ancient architectural complex composed of complete city walls, streets, shops, temples, and residential buildings, reflecting the historical style of the Ming and Qing dynasties.{{Cite web |title=平遥：最完整的古代县城 - 平遥旅游攻略 - 看看旅游网 - 我想去旅游 {{!}} 旅游攻略 {{!}} 旅游计划 |url=http://www.seelvyou.com/html/scenic/shanxi/pingyao/2013/0423/928.html |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.seelvyou.com}}

Increases in tourism have put pressure on Pingyao. During China's Golden Weeks, the number of visitors to the city has sometimes been as high as 2½ times its planned maximum capacity. During the single week around May Day in 2007, the town made about 94.5m{{nbsp}}RMB from visiting tourists.{{citation |last=Zhuang |first=Pinghui |author-mask=Zhuang Pinghui |contribution=Tourist Crowds Threaten Heritage |date=9 May 2007 |title=South China Morning Post |location=Hong Kong |contribution-url=http://www.newsgd.com/travel/travelnews/200705100007.htm |publisher=SCMP Group }}.

Since that high point in 2007, the government has reduced the number and length of China's "golden weeks", spreading domestic tourism more equitably throughout the year. The Global Heritage Fund has also worked with the Pingyao County People's Government to protect the town against overdevelopment and damage from its high volume of visitors. The stated goal for their Pingyao Cultural Heritage Development Program is improved preservation of local vernacular architecture and traditional arts through improved planning and increased conservation efforts.{{citation |title=Official site |url=http://globalheritagefund.org |contribution=Pingyao Overview |contribution-url=http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/overview/current_projects/pingyao_china/ |publisher=Global Heritage Fund}}.

Local specialties include Pingyao beef ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|平遥|牛肉}}}}, Píngyáo niúròu) and wantuo ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|平遥|碗托}}}}, Píngyáo wǎntuō), a favorite of the Empress Dowager Cixi."[https://whc.unesco.org/en/canopy/ping-yao/ Conservation and Revitalisation Programme of the Ancient City of Ping Yao]", UNESCO World Heritage Convention, 2021, retrieved 22 Nov. 2024. Other local products are Changshengyuan rice wine ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|长升源|黄酒}}}}), bean flour Minjian ({{lang|zh|豆面抿尖}}), and Jiupian ({{lang|zh|揪片}}).

The silver merchants of Pingyao in the early 20th century were the subject of the 2009 film Empire of Silver.

There is currently an ongoing effort to conserve and revitalize the ancient city in terms of preserving the long standing heritage of the city as well as acknowledging the modern needs an aging city such as Pingyao needs. The Conservation and Revitalisation Programme of the Ancient City of Ping Yao was initially proposed and approved in 2014 and has received a vast number of groups interested in working together in order to meet a series of objectives, including: Tongji University, Pingyao County People's Government and Bureau of Natural Resources as well as the Global Heritage Fund and UNESCO experts. One such objective of the project is to introduce modern amenities to the 2.4 square km area encompassing the heritage site including electricity and sewage in order to improve standard of living among the 20,000+ individuals who still live and work within the ancient city. The primary objective is to repurpose several unused sites within the ruins of the ancient city to be used as museums and other functions to revitalize the heritage of Pingyao.

File:PingYaoCity.jpg|Market Tower, constructed in 14th century

File:Hall of Great Acomplishement in the Confucious Temple of Pingyao.JPG|Pingyao's Confucius Temple

File:Pingyao-shuanglin-si-c01.jpg|A statue inside the Shuanglin Temple in Pingyao

File:Pingyao-calles-c02-f.jpg|A street in Pingyao

File:PingYaoCityWall.jpg|City walls of Pingyao

File:Backyard Door in Pingyao.jpg|A door in a courtyard with red Chinese lanterns

File:Roof architecture in Pingyao.JPG|Roof architecture

{{Reflist|2}}

• [https://www.asiaculturaltravel.co.uk/the-qiao-family-compound/ China and Asia Cultural Travel]

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090917080811/http://www.pingyao.gov.cn/ Official website of Pingyao County Government] {{in lang|zh}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209070952/http://globalheritagefund.org/what_we_do/overview/current_projects/pingyao_china Pingyao preservation project summary] at Global Heritage Fund
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20150427124831/http://ghn.globalheritagefund.org/?id=9 Explore Pingyao with Google Earth] on Global Heritage Network
• [https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=812 UN World Heritage - Pingyao]
• [http://www.ancientchina.org.uk/pingyao Well illustrated guide to Pingyao]

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