Pinktail chalceus
{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Bueng chawag Aquarium - panoramio.jpg
| genus = Chalceus
| species = macrolepidotus
| authority = Cuvier, 1818
}}
The pinktail chalceus (Chalceus macrolepidotus),U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. [https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/ans/erss/uncertainrisk/ERSS-Chalceus-macrolepidotus-FINAL.pdf Pinktail Chalceus (Chalceus macrolepidotus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary]. 2018.{{FishBase species | genus = Chalceus| species = macrolepidotus| month = December | year = 2021}} also called the pinktail characin,{{Cite web|title=ITIS - Report: Chalceus macrolepidotus|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=162909#null|access-date=2021-12-24|website=www.itis.gov}}{{Cite web|title=ADW: Chalceus macrolepidotus: CLASSIFICATION|url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Chalceus_macrolepidotus/classification/|access-date=2021-12-24|website=animaldiversity.org}} is a species of freshwater fish of the family Chalceidae found in South America. It is one of five fish in the genus Chalceus, and is the type species of the genus.
Description
The pinktail chalceus is a small, light-colored freshwater fish with a tail that is usually dark red to pink and is much more intensely colored than the rest of the animal. It has large, noticeable scales and reaches 24.5 cm SL, making it the largest known member of Chalceus. The smallest is Chalceus epakros.{{FishBase genus | genus = Chalceus| month = December | year = 2021}}
Chalceus epakros, before being classified, was regularly misidentified as either the pinktail chalceus or the yellowfin chalceus (Chalceus erythrurus). C. epakros and the pinktail can be told apart because the pinktail is uniform silvery in color, whereas C. epakros has a line down the middle of either side that reaches its caudal peduncle.
Etymology
The common name "pinktail chalceus" comes from its caudal fin, which is typically much more saturated in color than the main body.{{cite journal|author1=Zanata, A.M. |author2=M. Toledo-Piza | year=2004 | title=Taxonomic revision of the South American fish genus Chalceus Cuvier (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) with the description of three new species | journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume=140 | issue=11 | pages=103–135 | doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00090.x | doi-access=free }} The specific name macrolepidotus means "large scale" in Latin, which is considered an accurate reflection of its scale size;{{cite web |title=Pink-tailed Characin |url=https://tropicalfreshwaterfish.com/species/Chalceus_macrolepidotus.html |website=Tropical Freshwater Fish |publisher=Mongabay |access-date=24 December 2021}} the scales themselves are cycloid. The original description gave it the common name "large-scaled chalceus".{{cite book |last1=Schomburgk |first1=Robert Hermann |title=The Natural History of the Fishes of Guiana |date=1841 |publisher=W.H. Lizars, ... S. Highley, ... London; and W. Curry, jun. and Company |location=Dublin |page=216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blBKAAAAYAAJ&dq=chalceus+macrolepidotus&pg=PA17 |access-date=24 December 2021}}
The genus name Chalceus comes from the Greek word chalkos, which means brass or copper. This name was given based on the observation that the scales on the type specimen were coppery ("sometimes golden") when preserved in alcohol.{{cite web|last1=Scharpf|first1=Christopher|last2=Lazara|first2=Kenneth J.|date=15 September 2020|title=Order CHARACIFORMES: Families IGUANODECTIDAE, TRIPORTHEIDAE, BRYCONIDAE, CHALCEIDAE and GASTEROPELECIDAE|url=https://etyfish.org/characiformes8/|access-date=26 December 2021|website=The ETYFish Project}}
Taxonomy
Upon description by French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1818, the pinktail chalceus was placed into the new genus Chalceus.{{cite journal |last1=Cuvier |first1=Georges |title=Sur les Poissons du sous-genre Myletes |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |date=1818 |volume=4 |page=454 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34812546#page/506/mode/1up |access-date=24 December 2021}} By way of monotypy, it ended up as the type species therein.{{cite web |title=Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes (Genus Chalceus) |url=https://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?genid=825 |publisher=California Academy of Sciences |access-date=24 December 2021}}{{cite journal|last1=Reis|first1=Roberto|last2=Toledo-piza Ragazzo|first2=Monica|last3=Harold|first3=Antony|last4=Pavanelli|first4=Carla|last5=Buckup|first5=Paulo A.|date=2003|title=Genera incertae sedis in Characidae|url=https://www.academia.edu/21340123|access-date=27 December 2021}} Since then, several additions and retractions have occurred, as well as a redescription of the genus in the year 2004, and there are now five accepted species in total, C. macrolepidotus included.
The original scientific name given by Cuvier has remained its accepted scientific name. Synonyms include Brycon macrolepidotus, Chalceus ararapeera, Chalceus erythrurus, Pellegrina heterolepsis, and Creagrutus pellegrini. The name Chalceus erythrurus has since been assigned to a different species in the genus altogether.{{FishBase species | genus = Chalceus| species = erythrurus| month = December | year = 2021}}
The yellowfin chalceus, C. erythrurus, was briefly classified as Chalceus macrolepidotus iquitensis, a subspecies of the pinktail chalceus, by biologist Shoji Nakashima in 1941.{{cite journal|last1=Nakashima|first1=Shoji|date=1941|title=Algunos peces del Oriente perauno|url=https://museohn.unmsm.edu.pe/docs/boletines/volumen16.pdf|journal=Boletin de Museo Historia Natural "Javier Prado"|volume=16|pages=62–63|access-date=26 December 2021}}
Habitat
The pinktail chalceus is found in well-oxygenated (fast-flowing) waters in South America; specifically, it is found in French Guiana, Guyana, and Suriname, inhabiting the Orinoco and Negro Rivers. C. epakros and the pinktail are the only two Chalceus species known to occur in Guyana.{{cite web|title=Chalceus, Cuvier, 1817|url=http://treatment.plazi.org/id/623087C7FF9FFFD8FC487AF1FB48FD87|access-date=26 December 2021|website=Plazi TreatmentBank}} It has been non-natively established in Mexico as well, though it is not considered invasive by the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species (GRIIS).González Martínez A I, Barrios Y, De Jesús S, Wong L J, Pagad S (2020). [https://www.gbif.org/dataset/7185a1d5-9dc2-44fc-b3ef-5e4d068f12f1 Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species - Mexico]. Version 1.5. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/08knmc accessed via GBIF.org on 2021-12-24.
Diet and behavior
The pinktail chalceus is a fast-moving and active fish that stays near the river's surface.{{cite web |title=Pink-tail Chalceus Species Profile |url=https://www.fishkeeper.co.uk/help-and-advice/freshwater/characins/pink-tail-chalceus |publisher=Maidenhead Aquatics |access-date=24 December 2021}} It tends to cluster together in schools.{{cite web |last1=Bukkems |first1=Jan |title=Chalceus macrolepidotus – Pink Tailed Chalceus |url=https://aquainfo.org/chalceus-macrolepidotus-pink-tailed-chalceus/ |website=Aqua-Info |access-date=24 December 2021}} Its diet generally consists of small invertebrates; when searching for food, it may leap out of the water to target a bug above the surface.
It is notably skittish. This is a trait it shares with the yellowfin chalceus.{{cite web|title=Chalceus erythrurus (Tucanfish)|url=https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/chalceus-erythrurus/|access-date=27 December 2021|website=Seriously Fish}}
In aquaria
The pinktail chalceus is moderately popular in the aquarium trade, though it requires a larger aquarium than many prospective keepers have access to (55 gallons or above).{{cite web |title=Pinktail Chalceus |url=https://www.liveaquaria.com/product/3010/?pcatid=3010 |website=LiveAquaria |access-date=24 December 2021}} It has enough of a reputation for jumping out of its tank (like its behavior in the wild) that sellers regularly warn buyers about it.{{cite web |title=Pinktail Chalceus (Chalceus macrolepidotus) |url=https://www.aqua-imports.com/product/pinktail-chalceus-chalceus-macrolepidotus/&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1640375170130564&usg=AOvVaw0AYvsXH97YsLdjkCRFwtOu |website=Aqua-Imports |access-date=24 December 2021}} This is more likely to happen if the pinktail is startled and does not have anyplace to take cover, such as plants or driftwood hideaways.
Aquarists with adequate space to keep pinktails are advised to have a shoal larger than 6 to 8 specimens; anything lower, and squabbling is likely to happen.{{cite web |title=Chalceus macrolepidotus (Pink-tailed Chalceus) |url=https://seriouslyfish.com/species/chalceus-macrolepidotus |website=SeriouslyFish |access-date=29 December 2021}} Because they are a fast and active species, the tank they live in doesn't need extraneous decor, but offering cover for them to hide in may make them more relaxed.
Further reading
- Zanata, Angela M. and Vari, Richard P. [https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/896/Zanata-Vari.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans-Atlantic clade]. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (2005).
References
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Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier