Pinus mugo
{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Other uses|Mountain pine (disambiguation)}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| image = Pinus mugo cone 01.jpg
| genus = Pinus
| display_parents = 3
| parent = Pinus subsect. Pinus
| species = mugo
| authority = Turra
| range_map = Pinus mugo range.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution map:
:{{Color box|#FFA77F}} Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata (syn. Pinus uncinata).
:{{Color box|#70A800}} Pinus mugo subsp. mugo and Pinus mugo subsp. rotundata.
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies, cultivars, and forms
| subdivision_ref = {{Cite web
| title = Pinus mugo (Mountain Pine)
| work = BioLib
| date = 1999–2010
| url = https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2322/
| access-date = 15 July 2010}}
| subdivision = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
|P. mugo subsp. mugo Turra - Dwarf mountain pine
|P. mugo subsp. rotundata Janch. & H. Neumayer
|P. mugo subsp. uncinata (Ramond) Domin - Mountain pine
|P. mugo nothosubsp. rotundata Janch. & H. Neumayer
|P. mugo f. mughoides (Willk.) K.I.Chr.
|P. mugo Compacta
|P. mugo Frisia
|P. mugo Gnom
|P. mugo Hesse
|P. mugo Kobold
|P. mugo Kokarde
|P. mugo Mops
|P. mugo Pumilio
|P. mugo Slavinii
|P. mugo Variegata
|P. mugo Virgata
}}
| synonyms_ref = {{cite web| url = http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=pinus+mugo| title = The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species}}
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
| Pinus × obliqua var. centrapedunculata Woerl.
| Pinus applanata (Booth ex Loudon) Willk.
| Pinus digenea Wettst. nom. illeg.
| Pinus echinata Carrière nom. inval.
| Pinus fischeri Booth ex P.Laws. nom. illeg.
| Pinus magellensis Schouw
| Pinus montana Mill.
| Pinus mugho Laichard. [Spelling variant]
| Pinus mughus Scop.
| Pinus obliqua var. centrapedunculata Woerl.
| Pinus pumilio (Haenke in Jirazek et al) Franco
| Pinus pumilio Haenke
| Pinus rostrata K.Koch nom. inval.
| Pinus rubriflora Loudon ex Gordon nom. inval.
| Pinus sanguinea Lapeyr.
| Pinus squamosa Bosc ex Loudon
| Pinus sylvestris var. montana (Mill.) Aiton
| Pinus sylvestris var. montana (Mill.) Dum. Cours.
| Pinus sylvestris var. montana (Mill.) Wahlenb.
| Pinus sylvestris var. palustris Hagenb.
| Pinus sylvestris var. pumilio (Haenke) Gaudin
| Pinus wettsteinii Fritsch
}}}}
Pinus mugo, known as dwarf mountain pine,{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17}} mountain pine, scrub mountain pine, Swiss mountain pine,{{GRIN | access-date = 14 December 2017}} bog pine, creeping pine,{{cite book|author=Andersson, F.|year=2005|title=Coniferous Forests|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780444816276|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YoO8xKYSJAC&q=%22creeping+pine%22+pinus+mugo&pg=PA613}} or mugo pine,{{PLANTS|id=PIMU80|taxon=Pinus mugo|access-date=31 January 2016}} is a species of conifer, native to high elevation habitats from southwestern to Central Europe and Southeast Europe.
Description
The tree has dark green leaves ("needles") in pairs, {{convert|3|-|7|cm|abbr=off|frac=4}} long.
The cones are nut-brown, {{convert|2.5|-|5.5|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}} long.
Custura Bucurei.jpg|Pinus mugo subsp. mugo, Romania
Pinus mugo uncinata trees.jpg|Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata
Swiss National Park 007.JPG|Pinus mugo subsp. rotundata, Swiss National Park
Бор кривул 01.JPG|On Jakupica mountain, Republic of North Macedonia
Taxonomy
There are three subspecies:Christensen, K.I. (1987). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717175221/http://www.botanic-garden.ku.dk/kic/NJB07_383-408_Pin-mugo.pdf Taxonomic revision of the Pinus mugo complex and P. × rhaetica (P. mugo × sylvestris) (Pinaceae)]. Nordic Journal of Botany. 7: 383–408.
- Pinus mugo subsp. mugo — in the east and south of the range (southern & eastern Alps, Balkan Peninsula), a low, shrubby, often multi-stemmed plant to {{convert|3|-|6|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} tall with matt-textured symmetrical cones, which are thin-scaled.
- Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata — in the west and north of the range (from the Pyrenees northeast to Poland), a larger, usually single-stemmed tree to {{convert|20|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall with glossy-textured asymmetrical cones, the scales of which are much thicker on the upper side.
Some botanists treat the western subspecies as a separate species, Pinus uncinata, others as only a variety, P. mugo var. rostrata. This subspecies in the Pyrenees marks the alpine tree line or timberline, the edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing.
- Pinus mugo subsp. rotundata — hybrid subspecies, of the two subspecies above that intergrade extensively in the western Alps and northern Carpathians.
An old name for the species, {{lang|la|Pinus montana}}, is still occasionally seen, and a typographical error "mugho" (first made in a prominent 18th-century encyclopedia) is still often repeated.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
Distribution
Pinus mugo is native to the subalpine zones of the Pyrenees, Alps, Ore Mountains, Carpathians, northern and central Apennines, and higher Balkan Peninsula mountains{{Snd}}Rila, Pirin, Korab, Accursed Mountains, etc. It is usually found from {{convert|1000|-|2200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, occasionally as low as {{convert|200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in the north of the range in Germany and Poland, and as high as {{convert|2700|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in the south of the range in Bulgaria and the Pyrenees. Also in Kosovo it is found in Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
In Scandinavia, Finland and the Baltic region, P. mugo was introduced in the late 1700s and the 1800s, when it was planted in coastal regions for sand dune stabilization, and later as ornamental plants around residences. In Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the species has naturalised and become invasive, displacing fragile dune and dune heath habitats. In Estonia and Lithuania P. mugo only occasionally naturalises outside plantations, sometimes establishing in raised bogs.{{cite web |author=Henrik Jørgensen |date=25 October 2010 |title=NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet Pinus mugo |url=https://www.nobanis.org/globalassets/speciesinfo/p/pinus-mugo/pinus_mugo.pdf |access-date=4 September 2020 |publisher=NOBANIS - Online Database of the European Network on Invasive Alien Species}}
Ecology
Pinus mugo is classed as a wilding conifer, and spreads as an invasive species in the high country of New Zealand,{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} coastal Denmark, and other areas of Scandinavia.
Cultivation
Pinus mugo is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant, for use as a small tree or shrub, planted in gardens and in larger pots and planters. It is also used in Japanese garden style landscapes, and for larger bonsai specimens. In Kosovo, its trunk is used as construction material for the vernacular architecture in the mountains called "Bosonica".{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
= Cultivars =
Numerous cultivars have been selected. The following have been given the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:{{cite web |date=July 2017 |title=AGM Plants - Ornamental |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |access-date=2 May 2018 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |page=78}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
| title = RHS Plantfinder - Pinus mugo 'Humpy' | access-date = 2 May 2018}}
- 'Kissen'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/48246/Pinus-mugo-Kissen/Details | title = Pinus mugo 'Kissen' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 January 2021}}
- 'Mops'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/89481/i-Pinus-mugo-i-Mops/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - Pinus mugo 'Mops' | access-date = 2 May 2018}}
| title = RHS Plantfinder - Pinus mugo 'Ophir' | access-date = 2 May 2018}}
{{Div col end}}
Cultivars with seasonal changes in foliage color include Pinus mugo 'Wintergold' and Pinus mugo 'Ophir'.
Uses
The mugo pine is used in cooking. The cones can be made into a syrup called "pinecone syrup",{{Cite web |title=Piccolo Restaurant - Minneapolis: Menu |url=http://www.piccolompls.com/menu.html |access-date=15 July 2010}} "pine cone syrup",{{Cite web |last=Colicchio |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Colicchio |date=3 March 2009 |title=Tom Tuesday Dinner March 3, 2009 |url=http://www.tomtuesdaydinner.com/img/menu-03-03-2009.png |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071648/http://www.tomtuesdaydinner.com/img/menu-03-03-2009.png |archive-date=17 July 2011 |access-date=15 July 2010 |work=Tom Tuesday Dinner |format=PNG}} or mugolio. Buds and young cones are harvested from the wild in the spring and left to dry in the sun over the summer and into autumn. The cones and buds gradually drip syrup, which is then boiled down to a concentrate and combined with sugar.{{Cite web
| title = Wild Mugolio Pine Syrup
| work = Zingerman's Mail Order
| publisher = Zingerman's Mail Order LLC
| year = 2010
| url = http://www.zingermans.com/Product.aspx?ProductID=P-WMP
| access-date = 15 July 2010}}{{Cite web
| title = Wild Mugolio Pine Syrup
| work = Cube Marketplace
| publisher = Divine Pasta Company
| year = 2008
| url = http://www.cubemarketplace.com/p-923-wild-mugolio-pine-syrup.aspx
| access-date = 15 July 2010
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091029035224/http://www.cubemarketplace.com/p-923-wild-mugolio-pine-syrup.aspx
| archive-date = 29 October 2009
| url-status = dead
}}
Alternatively, the pinecones can be macerated in sugar, fermented, and strained.{{Cite web |last=Bergo |first=Alan |date=2020-10-23 |title=Mugolio: Pine Cone Syrup |url=https://foragerchef.com/mugolio-pine-cone-syrup/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Forager {{!}} Chef |language=en-US}}
Gallery
Pinus mugo Rila 1.jpg|Pinus mugo (subsp. mugo) habitat. Rila National Park in Bulgaria.
Pinus mugo Blüten.jpg|Female cones and young shoots
Zwiesel 2014 - 5 044.JPG|Male pollen producing strobili
File:Junge Zapfen.jpg|Young cones
See also
References
{{Reflist|2}}
Sources
- Christensen, K.I. (1987). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717175221/http://www.botanic-garden.ku.dk/kic/NJB07_383-408_Pin-mugo.pdf Taxonomic revision of the Pinus mugo complex and P. × rhaetica (P. mugo × sylvestris) (Pinaceae)]. Nordic J. Bot. 7: 383–408.
External links
{{Commons category|Pinus mugo}}
{{Wikispecies}}
- [http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/mugo.htm Gymnosperm Database - Pinus mugo]
- [http://www.pinetum.org/cones/PNPinus.htm Arboretum de Villadebelle - photos of cones (scroll down page)]
- [http://www.euforgen.org/species/pinus-mugo/ Pinus mugo] and [http://www.euforgen.org/species/pinus-uncinata/ Pinus uncinata] - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)
- {{PFAF|Pinus mugo}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q147475}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Flora of the Carpathians
Category:Flora of the Pyrenees
Category:Flora of the Czech Republic
Category:Plants described in 1764
Category:Garden plants of Europe