Pipe smoking

Image:Iowa catlinite pipe wanampito.jpg pipe bowl, probably Ioway, from the Wanampito site]]

A number of Native American cultures have pipe-smoking traditions, which have been part of their cultures since long before the arrival of Europeans. Tobacco is often smoked, generally for ceremonial purposes, though other mixtures of sacred herbs are also common. Various types of ceremonial pipes have been smoked in ceremony to seal covenants and treaties, most notably treaties of peace (hence the misnomer, "peace pipe"). Tobacco was introduced to Europe from the Americas in the sixteenth century and spread around the world rapidly.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/pi/pipesmok.html|title=pipe smoking |encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition|publisher=Bartleby.com| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080829162053/http://www.bartleby.com/65/pi/pipesmok.html| archive-date=August 29, 2008 |url-status=dead}}

In Asia during the nineteenth century, opium (which previously had only been eaten) was added to tobacco and smoked in pipes. Madak (the mixture of opium and tobacco) turned out to be far more addictive than orally-ingested opium, leading to social problems in China which culminated in the First (1839{{ndash}}1842) and Second Opium War (1856{{ndash}}1860).

According to Alfred Dunhill, Africans have had a long tradition of smoking hemp in gourd pipes, asserting that by 1884 the King of the Baluka tribe of the Congo had established a "riamba" or hemp-smoking cult in place of fetish-worship. Enormous gourd pipes were used.Dunhill, Alfred, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sPSBAAAAMAAJ The Pipe Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011182506/https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=sPSBAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |date=2017-10-11}}, London, A & C Black, 1924

In the twentieth century, pipe smoking was adopted as a preferred method of inhaling a variety of psychoactive drugs, and some claim it is a more intense method of ingestion. Smokeable crack cocaine has a reputation for being more addictive than cocaine's insufflated form. Similarly, methamphetamine has gained popularity in a crystalline form which when smoked in a pipe lets the user avoid the painful nasal irritation of snorting. When not applied to a cigarette or joint, the liquid form of PCP is typically smoked in a pipe with tobacco or cannabis.{{Cite web |url=http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/drugfact/pulsechk/summer97/pcappa.html |title=National Trends in Drug Abuse |access-date=2006-12-10 |archive-date=2006-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231191036/http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/drugfact/pulsechk/summer97/pcappa.html |url-status=live}}

Due in no small part to successful campaigning against tobacco use, sales of pipe tobacco in Canada fell nearly 80% in a recent fifteen-year period to 27,319 kilograms in 2016, from 135,010 kilograms in 2001, according to federal data.{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/healthy-living/federal-provincial-territorial-tobacco-sales-data/page-5.html|title=Page 5: National and provincial/territorial tobacco sales data 2019|author=Health Canada|date=September 19, 2017|website=www.canada.ca|access-date=December 11, 2017|archive-date=December 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211213544/https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/healthy-living/federal-provincial-territorial-tobacco-sales-data/page-5.html|url-status=live}} By comparison, Canadian cigarette sales fell about 32% in the same period to 28,600,000,000 units.{{Cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/healthy-living/federal-provincial-territorial-tobacco-sales-data/page-2.html |title=Page 2: National and provincial/territorial tobacco sales data 2019 |author=Health Canada |date=September 18, 2017 |website=www.canada.ca |access-date=December 11, 2017 |archive-date=December 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211105039/https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/healthy-living/federal-provincial-territorial-tobacco-sales-data/page-2.html |url-status=live}}

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{{Main|Tobacco pipe}}

Image:smoking pipe rack.jpg

Pipes have been fashioned from an assortment of materials including briar, clay, ceramic, corncob, glass, meerschaum, metal, gourd, stone, wood, bog oak and various combinations thereof, most notably, the classic English calabash pipe.

The size of a pipe, particularly the bowl, depends largely on what is intended to be smoked in it. Large western-style tobacco pipes are used for strong-tasting, harsh tobaccos, the smoke from which is usually not inhaled. Smaller pipes such as the midwakh or kiseru are used to inhale milder tobaccos such as dokha or other substances such as ground cannabis or opium.

Water pipes bubble smoke through water to cool and wash the smoke. The two basic types are stationary hookahs, with one or more long flexible drawtubes, and portable bongs.

Spoon pipes (glass pipes or glass bowl pipes) have become increasingly common with the rise of cannabis smoking. Spoon pipes are normally made of borosilicate glass to withstand repeated exposure to high temperatures. They consist of a bowl for packing material into, stem for inhaling, and a carburettor (carb) for controlling suction and airflow into the pipe. These pipes utilize a two step process. First, the user inhales while lighting the smoking material and holding down the carb, allowing smoke to fill the stem. Then, the user releases the carb while inhaling to allow air to enter the stem and smoke to be pulled into the user's mouth.

{{Main|Health effects of tobacco|Effects of cannabis}}

The overall health risks are 10% higher in pipe smokers than in non-smokers.{{cite journal |author=Viegas CA |title=Noncigarette forms of tobacco use |journal=J Bras Pneumol |volume=34 |issue=12 |pages=1069–73 |year=2008 |pmid=19180343 |doi=10.1590/S1806-37132008001200013 |doi-access=free}} However, pipe or cigar smokers who are former-cigarette smokers might retain a habit of smoke inhalation. In such cases, there is a 30% increase in the risk of heart disease and a nearly three times greater risk of developing COPD. In addition, there is a causal relationship between pipe smoking and mortality due to lung and other cancers, as well as periodontal problems, such as tooth and bone loss.

However, all tobacco products deliver nicotine to the central nervous system, and there is a confirmed risk of dependence. Many forms of tobacco use are associated with a significantly increased risk of morbidity and premature mortality due to tobacco-related diseases.

{{Main|Smoking culture}}

Image:Pomnik fajki - Przemysl.jpg, Poland]]

The customs, vocabulary and etiquette that surround pipe smoking culture vary across the world and depend both on the people who are smoking and the substance being smoked.

For example, in many places in Europe and North America, tobacco pipe smoking has sometimes been seen as genteel or dignified and has given rise to a variety of customized accessories and even apparel such as the smoking jacket, and the former Pipe Smoker of the Year award in the UK, as well as the term kapnismology ("the study of smoke").{{Cite web|url=http://www.pipes.org/forums/topic/origin-of-kapnismology/|title=Origin of kapnismology}}

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A number of people and fictional characters are strongly associated with the hobby of pipe smoking.

• Sparky Anderson, American baseball manager.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/baseball/sparky-anderson-great-manager-great-stories-wear-thin-reds-tigers-article-1.453346|title=Sparky Anderson, a great manager with great stories, saw welcome wear thin with Reds and Tigers|first=Bill|last=Madden|newspaper=New York Daily News|access-date=2021-10-06|archive-date=2017-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011182303/http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/baseball/sparky-anderson-great-manager-great-stories-wear-thin-reds-tigers-article-1.453346|url-status=live}}
• {{Interlanguage link|Vicente Battista|lt=Vicente Battista|es}}, Argentine writer.
• Enzo Bearzot, manager of the 1982 FIFA World Cup Champion Italy national football team.[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/sports/soccer/23bearzot.html Bell, Jack. "Enzo Bearzot, Who Coached Italy to Cup Title, Dies at 83," The New York Times, Wednesday, December 22, 2010.] Retrieved October 30, 2021
• Rómulo Betancourt (1908–1981), President of Venezuela.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017-02-20|title=Día Mundial de la Pipa, iberoamericanos famosos que popularizaron este sofisticado objeto para fumar|url=https://www.notimerica.com/sociedad/noticia-dia-mundial-pipa-iberoamericanos-famosos-popularizaron-sofisticado-objeto-fumar-20170220101216.html|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Notimérica|language=es}}
• Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown, American blues musician. An avid pipe smoker, the Texas-blues guitarist often sold his own proprietary blend of pipe tobacco as well as autographed pipes at his concerts and shows.{{cite magazine|last=Edwards|first= Martin|title=It All Comes Back|magazine= Pipes & Tobacco magazine, Spring 2002|pages= 14–17}}
• Abelardo Castillo, Argentine writer.
• Julio Cortázar, Argentine writer.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017-02-20|title=Día Mundial de la Pipa, iberoamericanos famosos que popularizaron este sofisticado objeto para fumar|url=https://www.notimerica.com/sociedad/noticia-dia-mundial-pipa-iberoamericanos-famosos-popularizaron-sofisticado-objeto-fumar-20170220101216.html|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Notimérica|language=es}}
• Edward VIII, short-reigned (20 January{{Snd}}11 December 1936) King of the United Kingdom.{{Cite web|url=https://www.tobaccopipes.com/a-complete-guide-to-tobacco-pipe-shapes-almost/|title=50+ Amazing Tobacco Pipe Shapes Explained - [Infographic]|website=www.tobaccopipes.com|access-date=2021-10-06|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305194712/https://www.tobaccopipes.com/a-complete-guide-to-tobacco-pipe-shapes-almost/|url-status=live}}
• William Faulkner, American author, known to be an enthusiastic proponent of pipe smoking.{{cite magazine|last=Graves|first=K. Maxwell Jr.|title=Pipe Smoking Friends - Famous and Infamous|magazine=Pipes & Tobacco magazine, Summer 2002|pages=28–30}}
• Manuel Felguérez, Mexican artist.
• Gerald R. Ford (1913–2006), 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977.{{cite web|title=The Briar Files: A blog about pipes and pipe smoking.|url=http://briarfiles.blogspot.com/2009/11/featured-pipe-smoker-gerald-r-ford.html|access-date=15 November 2013|date=14 November 2009|archive-date=5 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205041350/http://briarfiles.blogspot.com/2009/11/featured-pipe-smoker-gerald-r-ford.html|url-status=live}}
• Che Guevara (1928–1967), Argentinian revolutionary, who was known to enjoy a pipe from time to time, in addition to his usual cigar.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017-02-20|title=Día Mundial de la Pipa, iberoamericanos famosos que popularizaron este sofisticado objeto para fumar|url=https://www.notimerica.com/sociedad/noticia-dia-mundial-pipa-iberoamericanos-famosos-popularizaron-sofisticado-objeto-fumar-20170220101216.html|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Notimérica|language=es}}
• Herbert Hoover (1874–1964), 31st President of the United States (1928–1933).{{cite web|title=Pipes, People and Dealing with Stress|url=http://pipesmagazine.com/blog/put-that-in-your-pipe/pipes-people-and-dealing-with-stress/|work=PipesMagazine.com|access-date=16 November 2013|date=1 July 2009|archive-date=11 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811102523/http://pipesmagazine.com/blog/put-that-in-your-pipe/pipes-people-and-dealing-with-stress/|url-status=live}}
• J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967), American theoretical physicist who served as the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory of the Manhattan Project during World War II. Although more known for his chain-smoking of cigarettes, he enjoyed pipe tobacco. His blend of choice was Walnut, a discontinued blend of the John Middleton Co., named after Walnut Street (Philadelphia).{{cite web|title=J. Robert Oppenheimer: Destroyer of Worlds; Smoker of Pipes|url=https://www.smokingpipes.com/smokingpipesblog/single.cfm/post/robert-oppenheimer-destroyer-worlds-smoker-pipes|work=Smokingpipes.com|access-date=2024-02-18|date=2023-11-17|url-status=live}}
• John N. Mitchell (1913–1988), 67th Attorney General of the United States (1969–1972) under President Richard Nixon.
• Charles Stewart Mott, GM executive, philanthropist, Flint Mayor.{{cite news|last1=Gatlin|first1=Karen|title=One of downtown Flint's oldest businesses turns 83|url=http://abc11.com/archive/8245834/|access-date=May 9, 2017|work=ABC11 Raleigh-Durham|agency=ABC12|date=July 12, 2011|language=en|archive-date=October 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011181835/http://abc11.com/archive/8245834/|url-status=live}}
• Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017-02-20|title=Día Mundial de la Pipa, iberoamericanos famosos que popularizaron este sofisticado objeto para fumar|url=https://www.notimerica.com/sociedad/noticia-dia-mundial-pipa-iberoamericanos-famosos-popularizaron-sofisticado-objeto-fumar-20170220101216.html|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Notimérica|language=es}}
• Helmut Schmidt (1918–2015), Chancellor of West Germany (1974–1982).{{cite web|title=Famous Pipe Smokers|url=http://aspipes.net/Famous/Famous%20Pipe%20Smokers%20P7.htm|work=Alt Smokers Pipe|access-date=16 November 2013|archive-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610200918/http://aspipes.net/Famous/Famous%20Pipe%20Smokers%20P7.htm|url-status=live}}
• Troy Serapion (1977-present) Avid pipe smoker...
• Joseph Stalin (1878–1953), Premier of the USSR. He was frequently shown with a pipe: "Photos of him appeared daily in the Soviet pess, now in genial pipe-smoking profile, now walking with his comrades..."{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L9pcTIEP1OQC&q=%22Stalin%22+%22pipe+smoking%22&pg=PA330|title=Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928-1941|first=Robert C.|last=Tucker|date=1 January 1992|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=9780393308693|via=Google Books|access-date=2 December 2020|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006203847/https://books.google.com/books?id=L9pcTIEP1OQC&q=%22Stalin%22+%22pipe+smoking%22&pg=PA330|url-status=live}}
• J. R. R. Tolkien (1892-1973), English writer and philologist. He was the author of the high fantasy works The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. He favored a billiards pipe and was an aficionado of Capstan Medium Navy Cut.{{Cite web|url=https://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Smoking|title=J. R. R. Tolkien: Writer, Poet, Philologist, University Professor – Pipe Smoker|access-date=2025-02-18|archive-date=2021-10-21|archive-url=https://pipesmagazine.com/blog/pipe-smokers-of-the-past/j-r-r-tolkien-writer-poet-philologist-university-professor-pipe-smoker/|url-status=live}}
• Mark Twain (1835–1910), American author, a.k.a. Samuel Clemens, writer of Huckleberry Finn favored Missouri Meershaum corncob pipes. He was notoriously partial to a special blend of "Cuban leaf" pipe tobacco, remarking once that "If I cannot smoke in heaven, then I shall not go."{{Cite web|url=http://brothersofbriar.forumotion.com/t4962-mark-twain-on-pipe-smoking|title=Mark Twain on Pipe Smoking|access-date=2013-03-07|archive-date=2013-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516020217/http://brothersofbriar.forumotion.com/t4962-mark-twain-on-pipe-smoking|url-status=live}}
• Harold Wilson (1916–1995), UK Prime Minister (1964–1970, 1974–1976).

File:ASC Leiden - Coutinho Collection - C 27 - Life in Sara, Guinea-Bissau - Women cooking - 1974 (cropped).jpg

• Bacicci, a sailor whose silhouette is featured on U.C. Sampdoria's club crest.{{Cite web|last=Motherby|first=Les|date=2018-11-26|title=A history of Sampdoria's 'Baciccia' crest|url=https://museumofjerseys.com/2018/11/26/a-history-of-sampdorias-baciccia-crest/|access-date=2021-10-30|website=Museum of Jerseys|language=en-US}}
• Roger, Pongo's owner in 101 Dalmatians.{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Australian Council on Children and the |title=One Hundred and One Dalmatians |url=https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/movie-reviews/101-dalmations |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Raising Children Network |language=en}}
• Sherlock Holmes, British literary character. He is explicitly described as a pipe smoker.[http://special.lib.umn.edu/rare/ush/06F6.html A Sherlock Holmes related bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905141242/http://special.lib.umn.edu/rare/ush/06F6.html |date=2009-09-05}}, includes quite a few articles devoted to smoking habits of Mr. Holmes
• Kapitein Rob, Dutch comics character.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/kuhn.htm|title=Pieter Kuhn|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-09-21|archive-date=2016-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416142830/https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/kuhn.htm|url-status=live}}

More examples can be found in the Pipe Smoker of the Year list.

File:Gerrit Dou selfport - cropped and downsized.jpg|Gerrit Dou: self-portrait with long-stemmed clay pipe (1645)

File:Komon gawa.jpg|Man smoking kiseru. Cover illustration of the novel Komon gawa ("Elegant chats on fabric design") by Santō Kyōden, 1790

File:მელიტონ ბალანჩივაძე.jpg|Georgian composer, Meliton Balanchivadze smoking pipe

File:Tiger smoking bamboo pipe.jpg|Tiger smoking a bamboo pipe, Korean folk painting from Joseon period

File:Arabpipe.jpg|Arab man smoking pipe, late 1800s

File:Indianerpfeifen.jpg|Various styles of Native American ceremonial pipes

File:Lord Harold Wilson 2 Allan Warren.jpg|Lord Wilson

File:Francesc Galofré i Oller- Un model- 251.JPG|Model, 1894
by {{ill|Francesc Galofré i Oller|ca}}

File:Dionís Baixeras i Verdaguer- Retrat d'un boter de la Barceloneta- 229.JPG| Portrait of a fisherman, 1890
by Dionisio Baixeras i Veraguer

File:BMVB - Simó Gómez Polo - Moro - 1658.jpg|Portrait of a Muslim, 1880
by Simó Gómez

File:Aarre-Merikanto-1950s.jpg|Aarre Merikanto, a Finnish composer, smoking pipe in 1950s

• Kiseru
• Midwakh
• Tobacco pipe

• Bong
• Cannabis pipe
• Chalice
• Chillum
• One hitter
• Sebsi

• Opium pipe

{{reflist|30em}}

{{Sister project links}}

• [http://www.pipephil.eu/index.html Pipes: Logos & Markings]: Pipe brands by pictures.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20121220035208/http://www.pipesmoking.net/ Pipe Smoking]: A history of pipe smoking and its modern-day practice.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smoking Pipe}}

Category:Tobacciana