Piper PA-31 Navajo

File:Piper PA-31-310 Navajo (VH-XGL) at Essendon Airport.jpg

In 1962, Piper began developing a six- to eight-seat twin-engined corporate and commuter transport aircraft under the project name Inca, at the request of company founder William T. Piper. Looking like a scaled-up PA-30 Twin Comanche, the PA-31 made its first flight on 30 September 1964, and was announced later that year. It is a low-wing monoplane with a conventional tail, powered by two {{cvt|310|hp|kW|0}} Lycoming TIO-540-A turbocharged engines in "tiger shark" cowlings, a feature shared with the Twin Comanche and the PA-23 Aztec.

As testing proceeded, two cabin windows were added to each fuselage side and the engines were moved further forward. The PA-31, named "Navajo" after the native American tribe, was certified by the FAA on 24 February 1966, again in mid-1966 with an increase in maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) from {{cvt|6200 to 6500|lb|kg|0}}, and deliveries began in 1967.

The PA-31-300 was certified by the FAA in June 1967, the only variant without turbocharged engines: {{cvt|300|hp|kW|0}} Lycoming IO-540-M1A5 engines driving two-bladed propellers. Unofficially, the initial model was referred to as the PA-31-310. Only 14 PA-31-300 were built in 1968 and 1969: the smallest variant production.

File:4X-CBO Udi Brill.jpg

In January 1966, development of the PA-31P Pressurized Navajo had begun : Piper's first pressurized aircraft. The PA-31P (or PA-31P-425 unofficially) was certified in late 1969. It was powered by {{cvt|425|hp|kW|0}} Lycoming TIGO-541-E engines, had a longer nose, fewer and smaller windows, {{cvt|25|USgal|L|0}} fuel tanks in the engine nacelles and a one-piece airstair cabin entry door instead of the split pair of doors. MTOW was increased to {{cvt|7800|lb|kg|0}}. The PA-31P was produced from 1970 to 1977.

The 1971 Navajo B featured air conditioning, new storage lockers in the rear of the engine nacelles, increased baggage space, a third door next to the cabin doors for easier baggage loading, and an optional separate door for the pilot to enter the cockpit.

File:Piper PA-31-350 Chieftain, Honduras - Air Force JP7401264.jpg

In September 1972, Piper unveiled the PA-31-350 Navajo Chieftain, a Navajo B stretched by {{cvt|2|ft|cm}} for up to ten seats, with more powerful engines and counter-rotating propellers to prevent critical engine handling problems. The Chieftain was powered by {{cvt|350|hp|kW|0}} Lycoming TIO-540 variants, with an opposite-rotation LTIO-540 on the right-hand wing, and MTOW was increased to {{cvt|7000|lb|kg|0}}. Deliveries started in 1973, after a delay due to a flood caused by Hurricane Agnes at Piper's factory in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania.

The 1974 PA-31-325 Navajo C/R was base on the Navajo B. The Navajo C/R had {{cvt|325|hp|kW|0}}, lower rated versions of the Chieftain's counter-rotating engines. It was certified in May 1974, and production commenced in the 1975 model year. The Navajo B was also superseded in 1975 by the Navajo C.

In May 1981, Piper established its T1000 Airliner Division at its Lakeland, Florida, factory. The PA-31-350T1020 (or T1020) was a PA-31-350 Chieftain optimized for and marketed for the commuter airline market, without the {{cvt|40|USgal|L|0}} auxiliary fuel tanks in each wing. Up to eleven seats could be fitted, and baggage capacity was reduced from {{cvt|700 to 600|lb|kg|0}} maximum. The first T1020 was delivered in December 1981.

The PA-31T3 (T1040) was a hybrid with the PA-31-350T1020 main fuselage, and the nose and tail of the PA-31T1 Cheyenne I. The wings were similar to the Cheyenne I's, but with reduced fuel capacity and baggage lockers in the engine nacelles similar to those of the Chieftain. An optional underbelly cargo pod was also available. The Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-11 turboprop engines were the same as those of the Cheyenne I. Deliveries began in July 1982. A T1050 variant was proposed, with a fuselage stretch of {{cvt|11|ft|6|in|m}} and seating capacity for 17, but did not proceed.

File:Piper PA-31P-350 Mojave, Private JP6213169.jpg

The PA-31P-350 Mojave was also a hybrid, a piston-engined Cheyenne. The Mojave combined the Cheyenne I fuselage with the Chieftain tail. The Chieftain's wings were strengthened, their span was {{cvt|4|ft|m}} wider and the fuel capacity was enlarged to {{cvt|243|USgal|L|0}}. The engines variants had intercoolers, and the rear part of the nacelles were baggage lockers. The Mojave's MTOW rose by {{cvt|200|lb|kg|0}} to {{cvt|7200|lb|kg|0}}. Certified in 1983, like the T1020 and T1040, the Mojave was produced in 1983 and 1984; combined production with the T1020 and T1040 was below 100 aircraft. Two experimental PA-31-353s were also built in the mid-1980s.

The PA-31 series was manufactured under licence in several countries from kits of parts supplied by Piper. Chincul SACAIFI in Argentina assembled most of the series as the PA-A-31, PA-A-31-325, PA-A-31P and PA-A-31-350 and Aero Industrial Colombiana SA (AICSA) in Colombia assembled PA-31, PA-31-325 and PA-31-350 aircraft. The PA-31-350 Chieftain was also assembled under licence in Brazil by Embraer as the EMB 820C Navajo. In 1984, Embraer subsidiary company Indústria Aeronáutica Neiva began converting Embraer EMB 820Cs by installing Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6 turboprop engines; Neiva called the converted aircraft the Carajá.

File:VH-VTR Piper PA-31-350 Chieftain AV8 Brisbane (7469764146).jpg

;{{visible anchor|PA-31 Navajo}}

:Initial production version, also known unofficially as the PA-31-310.

;PA-31-300 Navajo

:Variant of the Navajo with normally aspirated engines; 14 built.

;PA-31 Navajo B

:Marketing name for 1971 improved variant with {{convert|310|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Lycoming TIO-540-E turbo-charged piston engines, new airconditioning and optional pilot access door and optional wide utility door.Peperell 1987, pp. 179-201

;PA-31 Navajo C

:Marketing name for 1974 improved variant with {{convert|310|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Lycoming TIO-540-A2C engines and other minor improvements.

;PA-31P Pressurized Navajo

:Pressurized version of the PA-31 Navajo, powered by two 425-hp (317-kW) Lycoming TIGO-541-E1A piston engines.

;{{Visible anchor|PA-31-325 Navajo}}

:Referred to as the "Navajo C/R" for Counter-rotating; variant of Navajo with counter-rotating engines introduced with the PA-31-350 Chieftain. {{convert|325|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Lycoming TIO-540 / LTIO-540 engines

;{{Visible anchor|PA-31-350 Chieftain}}

:Stretched version of the Navajo with more powerful 350-hp (261-kW) counter-rotating engines (a Lycoming TIO-540 and a Lycoming LTIO-540) to eliminate critical engine issues.

;PA-31P-350 Mojave

:Piston-engined variant of the PA-31T1 Cheyenne I; 50 aircraft built.

;PA-31-350T1020

:Also known as the T1020/T-1020; variant of the PA-31-350 Chieftain optimised for commuter airline use, with less baggage and fuel capacity and increased seating capacity (nine passengers). First flight September 25, 1981. 21 built.Taylor 1982, pp. 450–451.

;{{visible anchor|PA-31T3}}

:Also known as the T1040/T-1040; turboprop-powered airliner with fuselage of the PA-31-350T1020, and wings, tail and Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-11 engines of PA-31T Cheyenne. First flight July 17, 1981. 24 built.Taylor 1982, p. 451.

;PA-31-353

:Experimental version of PA-31-350; two built.

File:Embraer EMB-820C Navajo AN1994136.jpg

;T1050

:Unbuilt airliner variant with fuselage lengthened by {{convert|11|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} compared to the PA-31-350.

;EMB 820C

:Version of Chieftain built under license by Embraer in Brazil.

;Neiva Carajá

:Turboprop conversion of EMB 820C, fitted with two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 engines flat-rated to 550shp. The Carajá's MTOW of {{convert|8003|lb|0}} was {{convert|1000|lb|0}} more than that of the Chieftain.

File:Aerocardal (9321672052).jpg

;Colemill Panther

:Re-engined Navajo with {{convert|350|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Lycoming TIO-540-J2B engines, four-blade Hartzell "Q-Tip" propellers and optional winglets. Conversion designed by Colemill Enterprises of Nashville, Tennessee.{{cite web|url = http://www.colemill.com/Conversions/Panther1.php|title = Colemill Pather conversion|access-date = 21 May 2011|last = Colemill Enterprises|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100815083347/http://www.colemill.com/Conversions/Panther1.php|archive-date = 15 August 2010}}Michell 1994, p. 305. The supplemental type certificates (STCs) were subsequently sold to Mike Jones Aircraft Sales, which continues to convert PA-31, PA-31-325 and PA-31-350 variants with Colemill-developed features.{{cite web|url=http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgstc.nsf/0/2f58550886156cf78625784e00783bd0/$FILE/SA970SO.pdf|title=FAA Supplemental Type Certificate SA970SO|work=faa.gov|access-date=20 April 2017}}{{cite web|url=https://www.piperflyer.org/piper-models/piper-twins/piper-pa-31-series/item/690-from-nosecone-to-tailcone-a-total-renovation-of-the-pa-31.html|title=A total renovation of the PA-31}}

The Navajo family is popular with air charter companies, small feeder airlines and commuter air carriers in many countries,{{Cn|date=January 2024}} and is also operated by private individuals and companies.

The PA-31 Navajo was also formerly operated in scheduled passenger airline service in the U.S. in 1968 by Air West, the predecessor of Hughes Airwest which in turn subsequently became an all-jet airline.http://www.timetableimages.com, July 1, 1968 Air West system timetable, page 9{{Cite web| title=Hughes Airwest Flight Schedule | url=https://www.timetableimages.com/i-or/rw7203a.jpg | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112161158/https://www.timetableimages.com/i-or/rw7203a.jpg | archive-date=2023-11-12}} West Coast Airlines, the predecessor of Air West, began operating the PA-31 Navajo in passenger service in 1967 and called the aircraft the "MiniLiner".{{cite web | url=https://www.departedflights.com/WCgigantic67.html | title=WCgigantic67 }} West Coast, which was also operating Douglas DC-9-10 jets and Fairchild F-27 turboprops at the time, claimed to be the first "regular airline" to operate the PA-31 Navajo in scheduled service.{{cite web | url=https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/wc68.htm | title=West Coast Airlines }}

;Chile

• Chilean Navy purchased a single PA-31 in 1971.{{cite magazine|last=Hatch|first=Paul|title=Air Forces of the World: Chilean Naval Air Service|magazine=Air Pictorial|date=August 1985|volume= 47|issue= 8|page=291}}

;Colombia

• Colombian Air Force{{cite web |last = |first = |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/reports/world-air-forces-directory-2022/146695.article|title = World Air Forces 2022|publisher= Flightglobal |year= 2022 |doi = |accessdate= 18 July 2022|url-access=registration}}
• Colombian Navy

; Dominican Republic

• Dominican Republic Air Force operates two PA-31s as of December 2018.Hoyle Flight International 4–10 December 2018, p. 43.

;Finland

• Finnish Air Force operated the PA-31-350 Chieftain in the liaison and light transport role.Sixma and Laukkanen Air International July 1986, p. 12.

;France

• French Navy former operator{{cite web|url=http://www.netmarine.net/aero/aeronefs/pipernavajo/index.htm |title=Piper PA31 Navajo |publisher=Netmarine.net |access-date=2014-04-03}}

;Honduras

• Honduran Air Force operates one PA-31 as of December 2018.

;Kenya

• Kenya Air Force operated a Navajo Chieftain in the VIP role.Wheeler Flight International 4 August 1979, p. 364.

;Spain

• Spanish Air Force

;United Kingdom

• Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment former operator{{cite web|url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/photo/000437577.html|title=Aircraft ZF622 (1980 Piper PA-31-350 Navajo Chieftain C/N 31-8052033) Photo by Malcolm Clarke (Photo ID: AC437577)|work=airport-data.com|access-date=20 April 2017}}{{better source|reason=Images are not considered reliable sources|date=April 2018}}

• December 3, 1983: SouthCentral Air Flight 59, a PA-31-350 registered N35206, carrying eight passengers and one pilot, was on the takeoff roll at Anchorage International Airport when it collided head-on with Korean Air Lines Flight 084, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 freighter HL7339. The Piper struck the DC-10's left and center main landing gear and three passengers sustained minor injuries; the DC-10 overran the runway and the three crew suffered serious injuries. Investigators determined that the Korean Air Lines pilot had become disoriented taxiing in fog, failed to follow correct procedures and confirm his position, and accidentally initiated takeoff from the wrong runway. Both aircraft were severely damaged and were written off.{{cite web|url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR8410.pdf|title=Korean Air Lines McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30, HL7339, SouthCentral Air Piper PA-31-350, N35206, Anchorage, Alaska, December 23, 1983|date=9 August 1984|publisher=National Transportation Safety Board|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825194138/https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR8410.pdf|archivedate=25 August 2021|accessdate=29 August 2021}}
• May 31, 2000: Whyalla Airlines Flight 904 was a scheduled commuter flight, operated by a Piper PA-31 Navajo which crashed while attempting to ditch in the Spencer Gulf, South Australia after suffering failures of both engines on the evening of 31 May 2000. All 8 people on board the aircraft were killed as a result of the accident. The findings of a subsequent investigation by the Australian Transport Safety Bureau highlighting the airline's operating procedures as a key factor leading to the accident were later overturned after they were contradicted by evidence presented at a coronial inquiry into the deaths of those on board the flight.{{cite web|url=http://www.airsafety.com.au/whyalla/d724find.htm|title=Findings of Inquest|author=Chivell, Wayne|publisher=airsafety.com.au|date=24 July 2003}} The safety implications arising from the accident were subject to a recall by engine manufacturer Textron Lycoming which saw close to 1000 aircraft grounded worldwide while defects were rectified at an estimated cost of $A66 million. Australia's aviation regulator, the Civil Aviation Safety Authority also mandated lifejackets be carried on all aircraft operating over water after the crash.{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/01/28/1043534057190.html|title=Air crash inquest enters final chapter|author=Milovanovic, Selma|work=The Age|date=29 January 2003}}
• August 9, 2024: A Piper PA-31 Navajo C (Colemill Panther conversion) operating a non scheduled passenger flight for the chilean airline Transportes Aéreos San Rafael crashed near Cerro Castillo, while en route from Teniente Vidal Airfield to Chile Chico. All 7 people on board were killed.

;Spain

• A PA-31P Pressurized Navajo formerly operated by the Spanish Air Force is on display at the Museo del Aire in Madrid.“Piper Navajo”, information placard, Museo del Aire

File:Piper PA-31-350 Chieftan 3-view line drawing.svg

File:Piper PA-31-350 Navajo N828KT cockpit (29890802667).jpg

{{Aircraft specs

|ref=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976–77 Taylor 1976, p.354–355.

|prime units?=imp

|genhide=

|crew=1 or 2

|capacity= 5 to 7 passengers

|length m=

|length ft=32

|length in=7+1/2

|length sigfig=3

|span m=

|span ft=40

|span in=8

|height m=

|height ft=13

|height in=0

|wing area sqm=

|wing area sqft=229

|aspect ratio=

|airfoil=NACA 63₄415 at root, 63₁212

|empty weight kg=

|empty weight lb=3930

|gross weight kg=

|max takeoff weight lb=6500

|fuel capacity={{convert|190|USgal|impgal L|abbr=on}} total, {{convert|187|USgal|impgal L|abbr=on}} useable

|eng1 number=2

|eng1 name=Lycoming TIO-540-A

|eng1 type=air-cooled six-cylinder horizontally opposed piston engine

|eng1 kw=

|eng1 hp=310

|prop blade number=3

|prop name=Hartzell metal, fully feathering propellers

|prop dia m=

|prop dia ft=6

|prop dia in=8

|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=

|max speed mph=261

|max speed kts=

|max speed note=at {{convert|15000|ft|m|abbr=on}}

|cruise speed kmh=

|cruise speed mph=238

|cruise speed note=at {{convert|20000|ft|m|abbr=on}} (econ. cruise)

|stall speed mph=73

|stall speed note=(flaps down)

|never exceed speed mph=272

|never exceed speed note=

|range km=

|range miles=1165

|range note=at {{convert|20000|ft|m|abbr=on}} (econ. cruise speed)

|ceiling m=

|ceiling ft=26300

|ceiling note=

|climb rate ms=

|climb rate ftmin=1445

|more performance=

|avionics=

}}

{{Portal|Aviation}}

{{commons category}}

{{aircontent

|related=

• Piper PA-31T Cheyenne

|similar aircraft=

• Beechcraft Queen Air
• Cessna 402
• Cessna 414
• Aero Commander 500

|lists=

|see also=

}}

{{reflist|30em|refs=

Taylor 1976, p.354.

Bonelli and Pinheiro, (2008), p.34.

[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1964/1964%20-%203098.html "World News: Piper's New Medium Twin"]. Flight International, Volume 86, Number 2911, 24 December 1964, p.1065. Retrieved 2010-04-05

"Air Report", Flight Magazine (1965), p.7

Lambert (1963), p.470

[https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1965/1965%20-%200661.html "Refinements in the Piper range"]. Flight International, Volume 87, Number 2922, 11 March 1965, p.367. Retrieved 2010-04-05

[http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/a054def09bc25c9f86257690006dbb8c/$FILE/A20SO.pdf FAA Type Certificate A20SO for Piper PA-31 / PA-31-300 / PA-31-325 / PA-31-350 series aircraft] retrieved 2010-04-01

Piper Aircraft Inc. Customer Service Information, p.38

[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1970/1970%20-%200847.html "Light Commercial & Business: High-flying Navajo"]. Flight International, Volume 97, Number 3191, p.775. Retrieved 2010-04-08

{{cite web|url = http://ww.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=311|title = The Piper PA-31 Navajo/Pressurized Navajo|access-date = 2009-01-13|publisher = airliners.net|year = 2009|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100428053846/http://ww.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=311|archive-date = 2010-04-28}}

Manual P/No. 753-703, Introduction, p.3

[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1985/1985%20-%200084.html "Caraja deliveries start", Flight International magazine, 12 January 1985, p.12 (online archive version)] retrieved 2010-04-03

Manual P/No. 761-775, Introduction, p.3

[http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/9b9fde88ea0db37b862572090075dc7f/$FILE/A8EA.pdf FAA Type Certificate A8EA for Piper PA-31P / PA-31T1 / PA-31T2 / PA-31T3 / PA-31P-350 series aircraft] retrieved 2010-04-03

[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202133.html "NBAA and after" Flight International magazine, 14 October 1971, p.603 (online archive version)] retrieved 2010-04-05

[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1972/1972%20-%202469.html "Piper announces Navajo Chieftain" Flight International magazine, 14 September 1972, p.360 (online archive version)] retrieved 2010-04-06Levy (1983), p.1152

Levy (1983), p.1153

Barnett (1983), p.833

Barnett, Cliff. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1983/1983%20-%202026.html "Pressurised comfort, piston costs: Mojave flight test", Flight International magazine, 5 November 1983, p.1232 (online archive version)] retrieved 2010-04-05

{{cite web|url = http://ww.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=312|title = Piper PA-31 Chieftain/Mojave/T-1020/T-1040|access-date = 2010-04-06|publisher = airliners.net|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100428045842/http://ww.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=312|archive-date = 2010-04-28}}

[http://www.anac.gov.br/CERTIFICACAO/Produtos/Espec/EA-7505-02p.pdf Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil Type Certificate EA-7505-02 for EMB 820C Navajo aircraft] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214203329/http://www.anac.gov.br/certificacao/Produtos/Espec/EA-7505-02p.pdf |date=2010-12-14 }} retrieved 2010-04-11

Marsh (2006), p.49

[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1973/1973%20-%201196.html "Argentine Piper factory" Flight International magazine, 10 May 1973, p.700 (online archive version)] retrieved 2010-04-11

}}

• Barnett, Cliff. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1983/1983%20-%201787.html "Piper looks ahead".] Flight International, 24 September 1983, Vol. 124, No. 3881. p.833.
• Bonelli, Regis and Pinheiro, Armando Castelar. [http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=1540824 New Export Activities in Brazil: Comparative Advantage, Policy or Self-Discovery], Research Network Working Paper #R-551, Inter-American Development Bank, July 2008.
• Flight Magazine, Volume 54, No. 11, November 1965. Air Review Publishing Corporation, Dallas, Texas.
• Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International, 4–10 December 2018, Vol. 194, No. 5665, pp. 32–60. {{ISSN|0015-3710}}
• Lambert, Mark. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1963/1963%20-%201658.html "In the air: Piper PA-30 Twin Comanche.]" Flight International, 12 September 1963, Vol. 84, No. 2844, pp. 468–470.
• Levy, Howard. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1983/1983%20-%200748.html "Piper consolidates at Lakeland".] Flight International, 30 April 1983, Vol. 123, No. 3860, pp. 1152–1153.
• Marsh, David. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722040912/http://www.ebaa.org/documents/act_download_doc/item/455d7b5f658bf EUROCONTROL Trends in Air Traffic Volume 1: Getting to the Point: Business Aviation in Europe]. European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL) May 2006. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
• Michell, Simon. Jane's Civil and Military Aircraft Upgrades 1994–95. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group, 1994. {{ISBN|0-7106-1208-7}}.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100120062100/http://www.piper.com/company/publications/Customer_Service_Info.pdf Piper Aircraft Inc. Customer Service Information File 2009] retrieved 2010-04-08
• Piper Airplane Parts Catalog: PA-31 Navajo, PA-31-300 Navajo, PA-31-325 Navajo C/R; September 10, 2009. Piper Aircraft Corporation, Manual Part Number 753-703
• Piper Navajo Information Manual, Revision 9, March 18, 1994. Piper Aircraft Corporation, Manual Part Number 761-723
• Piper Navajo Pilot's Operating Manual, Revision 34, April 22nd 2002. Piper Aircraft Corporation, Manual Part Number 761-456
• Piper T1020 Parts Catalog, Revision 10, September 10, 2009. Piper Aircraft Corporation, Manual Part Number 761-775
• Sixma, Herman J. and Jyrki Laukkanen. "Far Northern Air Force: The Finnish Air Arm Today". Air International, July 1986, Vol. 31, No. 1. pp. 7–13. {{ISSN|0306-5634}}.
• Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976–77. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1976, {{ISBN|0-354-00538-3}}.
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{{Piper}}

{{Swedish military aircraft designations}}

{{Spanish trainer aircraft}}

Category:1960s United States civil utility aircraft

Category:Aircraft first flown in 1964

Category:Low-wing aircraft

Navajo

Category:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft

Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear