Placental lactogen

Placental lactogen, also referred to as chorionic somatomammotropin, is a polypeptide hormone, produced by the placenta during pregnancy. It influences the metabolic processes of both the mother and fetus, aiding in the growth and development of the fetus.{{Cite journal |last1=Limesand |first1=Sean W. |last2=Anthony |first2=Russell V. |date=2001-04-15 |title=Novel activator protein-2α splice-variants function as transactivators of the ovine placental lactogen gene |url=https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02124.x |journal=European Journal of Biochemistry |volume=268 |issue=8 |pages=2390–2401 |doi=10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02124.x |pmid=11298758 |issn=0014-2956}} Classified within the somatotropin family, placental lactogen shares both structural and functional similarities to growth hormone and pituitary prolactin.{{Cite journal |last=Takahashi |first=Toru |date=February 2006 |title=Biology of the prolactin family in bovine placenta. I. Bovine placental lactogen: Expression, structure and proposed roles |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2006.00314.x |journal=Animal Science Journal |language=en |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=10–17 |doi=10.1111/j.1740-0929.2006.00314.x |issn=1344-3941}} It has been identified in various mammals, including humans, monkeys, mice, cows, hamster, and sheep.{{Cite journal |last1=Shiota |first1=Kunio |last2=Hirosawa |first2=Mitsuko |last3=Hattori |first3=Naka |last4=Itonori |first4=Saki |last5=Miura |first5=Ryuich |last6=Noda |first6=Ken |last7=Takahashi |first7=Michio |last8=Ogawa |first8=Tomoya |date=1994 |title=Structural and Functional Aspects of Placental Lactogens (PLs) and Ovarian 20α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (20α-HSD) in the Rat |url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/endocrj1993/41/Supplement/41_Supplement_S43/_article |journal=Endocrine Journal |language=en |volume=41 |issue=Supplement |pages=S43–S56 |doi=10.1507/endocrj.41.Supplement_S43 |issn=0918-8959}} However, it has not been found in dogs and rabbits.

Classification of placental lactogen across mammalian species

The initial placental lactogen-related proteins were identified in rodents{{Cite journal |last1=Simmons |first1=David G |last2=Rawn |first2=Saara |last3=Davies |first3=Alastair |last4=Hughes |first4=Martha |last5=Cross |first5=James C |date=December 2008 |title=Spatial and temporal expression of the 23 murine Prolactin/Placental Lactogen-related genes is not associated with their position in the locus |journal=BMC Genomics |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=352 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-9-352 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2164 |pmc=2527339 |pmid=18662396}} and are commonly categorized into two primary groups based on the timing of their secretion during pregnancy: those occurring during the mid-pregnancy stage, such as placental lactogen-I, and those occurring during the late-pregnancy stage, such as placental lactogen-II. Similarly, bovine placental lactogen exhibits diversity, through its molecular forms rather than secretion timing, with multiple isoforms differing in molecular weight and charge due to variations in glycosylation and truncated transcripts. While there are many shared characteristics, placental lactogen is synthesized by distinct trophoblast cell types. In sheep, for example, ovine placental lactogen is generated by binucleate cells.{{Cite journal |last1=Braun |first1=Thorsten |last2=Meng |first2=Wenbin |last3=Shang |first3=Hongkai |last4=Li |first4=Shaofu |last5=Sloboda |first5=Deborah M. |last6=Ehrlich |first6=Loreen |last7=Lange |first7=Karolin |last8=Xu |first8=Huaisheng |last9=Henrich |first9=Wolfgang |last10=Dudenhausen |first10=Joachim W. |last11=Plagemann |first11=Andreas |last12=Newnham |first12=John P. |last13=Challis |first13=John R. G. |date=January 2015 |title=Early Dexamethasone Treatment Induces Placental Apoptosis in Sheep |journal=Reproductive Sciences |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=47–59 |doi=10.1177/1933719114542028 |pmid=25063551 |pmc=4275451 |issn=1933-7191}}

Placental lactogen

Classification of placental lactogen across mammalian species

References

Further reading