Plains coreopsis

{{Speciesbox

|name =

|image = Plains_Coreopsis.jpg

|status = {{TNCStatus}}

|status_system = TNC

|status_ref =

|genus = Coreopsis

|species = tinctoria

|authority = Nutt.

|synonyms_ref = {{Cite POWO|id=198219-1|title=Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science|access-date=2 January 2025}}

|synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true

|title=Synonymy

| Bidens tinctoria {{Small|(Nutt.) E.H.L.Krause}}

| Calliopsis tinctoria {{Small|(Nutt.) DC. }}

| Diplosastera tinctoria ({{Small|Nutt.) Tausch}}

| Bidens atkinsoniana {{Small|(Douglas ex Lindl.) Banfi, Galasso & Bartolucci }}

| Calliopsis atkinsoniana {{Small|(Douglas ex Lindl.) Hook. }}

| Calliopsis atropurpurea {{Small|Steud. }}

| Calliopsis bicolor {{Small|Rchb. }}

| Calliopsis bicolor var. nana {{Small|T.Moore }}

| Calliopsis bicolor f. speciosa {{Small|T.Moore }}

| Calliopsis bicolor f. tubulosa {{Small|T.Moore }}

| Calliopsis cardaminifolia{{Small| DC. }}

| Coreopsis atkinsoniana {{Small|Douglas ex Lindl. }}

| Coreopsis bicolor {{Small|(Rchb.) Bosse }}

| Coreopsis cardaminifolia {{Small|(DC.) Nutt. }}

| Coreopsis cardaminifolia var. angustiloba {{Small|Torr. & A.Gray }}

| Coreopsis elegans {{Small|Voss }}

| Coreopsis similis {{Small|F.E.Boynton }}

| Coreopsis stenophylla {{Small|F.E.Boynton }}

| Coreopsis tinctoria var. atkinsoniana {{Small|Douglas ex Lindl.) H.M.Parker ex E.B.Sm. }}

| Coreopsis tinctoria var. atropurpurea{{Small| Hook. }}

| Coreopsis tinctoria f. atropurpurea {{Small|(Hook.) Fernald }}

| Coreopsis tinctoria var. imminuata {{Small|Sherff }}

| Coreopsis tinctoria var. similis {{Small|(F.E.Boynton) H.M.Parker ex E.B.Sm. }}

|}}

}}

Coreopsis tinctoria, commonly known as plains coreopsis, garden tickseed, golden tickseed, or calliopsis, is an annual forb. The species is common in Canada (from Quebec to British Columbia), northeast Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas), and most of the United States, especially the Great Plains and Southern States. It is introduced into many countries in Europe and Asia.

It often grows in disturbed areas such as roadsides and cultivated fields.

Description

File:Texas bullnettle (Cindoscolus texanus) and plains coreopsis (Coreopsis tinctoria), Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge.jpg) blooming at Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado Co., Texas, USA]]

Growing quickly, Coreopsis tinctoria attains heights of {{cvt|12-40|in|cm|order=flip|-1}}. Its leaves are pinnately-divided, glabrous and tend to thin at the top of the plant where numerous {{cvt|1|-|1+1/2|in|mm|order=flip|round=5}} flower heads sit atop slender stems.[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200023718 Flora of North America, Coreopsis tinctoria Nuttall, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 2: 114. 1821. ]

Flower heads are brilliant yellow with maroon or brown disc florets of various sizes. Flowering typically occurs in mid-summer. The small, slender seeds germinate in fall (overwintering as a low rosette) or early spring. Ray florets have notched tips.

Distribution and habitat

File:Curtis's botanical magazine (Plate 3511) (8043252863).jpg

Coreopsis tinctoria is native to most of the central United States. Within North America, it is thought to be introduced in the western and eastern United States and eastern Canada.A biosystematic study of Coreopsis tinctoria and C. cardaminefolia (Compositae). Edwin B. Smith and Hampton M. Parker, Brittonia, Volume 23, Number 2, pages 161-170, {{doi|10.2307/2805432}}[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Coreopsis%20tinctoria.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]

The species is widely grown residentially and commercially, and has become naturalized in China,[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200023718 Flora of China, 两色金鸡菊 liang se jin ji ju Coreopsis tinctoria Nuttall] and has been recorded as introduced into much of Europe, parts of Asia, and in Mozambique.

= Habitat =

In its native habitat, this species typically prefers to grow in moist, sandy (or clay) soil in habitats such as prairies, savannas, and plains at elevations of {{cvt|0–2000|m|ft}} above sea level. Plants will readily grow in human-disturbed areas such as roadsides, ditches, and agricultural pastures.{{Cite book |last1=Everitt |first1=J.H. |title=Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico |last2=Lonard |first2=R.L. |last3=Little |first3=C.R. |publisher=Texas Tech University Press |year=2007 |location=Lubbock |page=29}} {{ISBN|0-89672-614-2}}{{Cite web|title=Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin|url=https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=coti3|access-date=2022-01-01|website=www.wildflower.org}}

Ecology

Coreopsis tinctoria is pollinated by a wide variety of insects, including long-tongued bees, short-tongued bees, wasps, flies, butterflies and beetles. Coreopsis tinctoria serves as a larval host plant for various insects, such as Synchlora aerata, Tornos scolopacinarius and Calligrapha californica.{{Cite web|title=Plains Coreopsis|url=http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/pl_coreopsis.htm|access-date=16 December 2023|website=www.illinoiswildflowers.info}}

Taxonomy

Coreopsis tinctoria was first formally named and described by Thomas Nuttall in 1821 in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. It has been moved to the genera Bidens, Calliopsis and Diplosastera (in 1905, 1836, and 1823, respectively), however the name Coreopsis tinctoria has been retained by plant authorities such as PoWO, USDA Plants, and Flora of North America.{{PLANTS|id=COTI3|taxon=Coreopsis tinctoria|accessdate=17 January 2016}}

= Etymology =

The specific epithet tinctoria refers to the plant's use in dyeing. In English, this species is commonly known as plains coreopsis, garden coreopsis, golden coreopsis, and calliopsis.{{Cite web|title=Coreopsis tinctoria - Plant Finder|url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=277179&isprofile=0&|access-date=2022-01-01|website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org}} In French, this species is known as {{Lang|fr|Coréopsis des teinturiers}}.{{Cite NatureServe|date=6 December 2024|id=2.138724|title=Coreopsis tinctoria | NatureServe Explorer|access-date=2 January 2025}}

= Varieties =

Coreopsis tinctoria, as treated by PoWO and the Flora of North America, includes plants that others have treated as distinct subdivisions of C. tinctoria or as separate species.

Plants that are sometimes treated as separate from C. tinctoria include, but are not limited to;

Coreopsis atkinsoniana {{Small|Douglas ex Lindley - (plants 50-150 cm tall, mostly not branched from the base, cypselae with narrow wings, from the northwestern United States)}}
Coreopsis cardaminifolia {{Small|(De Candolle) Nuttall - (plants 20-50 cm tall, cypselae 2 mm long, rarely branched from the base, from the US (Texas north to Nebraska east to Arkansas))}}
C. tinctoria var. similis {{Small|(F. E. Boynton) H. M. Parker ex E. B. Smith - (plants 10-30 cm tall, almost always branched from the bases, cypselae with wide wings, from the US (southern Texas) and northern Mexico)}}

Uses

The Zuni people traditionally use the blossoms of the tinctoria variety to make a mahogany red dye for yarn,Stevenson, Matilda Coxe 1915 Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #30 (p.80) and, until the introduction of coffee by traders, to make a hot beverage.Stevenson, p.66 Women also used an infusion of the whole plant of this variety, except for the root, if they desired a female child.Stevenson, p.84

=Cultivation=

File:Coreopsis tinctoria cultivar Uptick Cream and Red 4.JPG

Plains coreopsis is cultivated as an ornamental plant for gardens, and as a native plant for wildlife gardens and natural landscaping. It grows well in many types of soil, but seems to prefer sandy or well-drained loam soils. Although somewhat drought-tolerant, naturally growing plants are usually found in areas with regular rainfall. Preferring full sun, it will also grow in partial shade.{{cite book | author=Pink, A. | url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11892|title=Gardening for the Million| year=2004 | publisher=Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation}} Though plains coreopsis is often described as an annual some plants will behave more like biannuals growing larger and blooming more in their second year.{{cite book |last1=Barr |first1=Claude A. |title=Jewels of the plains : wild flowers of the Great Plains grasslands and hills |date=1983 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=0-8166-1127-0 |page=62}}

;Cultivars

Because of its easy growing habits and the bright, showy flowers of cultivars such as 'Roulette' (tiger stripes of gold on a deep mahogany ground), plains coreopsis is increasingly used for landscape beautification and in flower gardens.

References

External links

{{Commons category-inline|Coreopsis tinctoria}}
{{Wikispecies-inline|Coreopsis tinctoria}}
[http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/mspmcfscoti3.pdf United States Department of Agriculture Plant Conservation Service: Coreopsis tinctoria]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20050905203534/http://alfalfa.okstate.edu/weeds/winbroad/plainscore.htm Oklahoma State University, Forest & Pasture Management]

tinctoria

Category:Flora of Northern America

Category:Garden plants of North America

Category:Plants described in 1821

Category:Plant dyes

Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine

Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine