Plakoglobin

Human plakoglobin is 81.7 kDa in molecular weight and 745 amino acids long.{{cite web|title=Protein sequence of human JUP (Uniprot ID: P14923)|url=http://www.heartproteome.org/copa/ProteinInfo.aspx?QType=Protein%20ID&QValue=P14923|website=Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB)|access-date=3 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025514/http://www.heartproteome.org/copa/ProteinInfo.aspx?QType=Protein%20ID&QValue=P14923|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}} The JUP gene contains 13 exons spanning 17 kb on chromosome 17q21.{{cite journal | vauthors = Whittock NV, Eady RA, McGrath JA | title = Genomic organization and amplification of the human plakoglobin gene (JUP) | journal = Experimental Dermatology | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 323–326 | date = October 2000 | pmid = 11016852 | doi = 10.1034/j.1600-0625.2000.009005323.x | s2cid = 12956044 | doi-access = free }} Plakoglobin is a member of the catenin family, since it contains a distinct repeating amino acid motif called the armadillo repeat. Plakoglobin is highly similar to β-catenin; both have 12 armadillo repeats as well as N-terminal and C-terminal globular domains of unknown structure.{{cite journal | vauthors = Stokes DL | title = Desmosomes from a structural perspective | journal = Current Opinion in Cell Biology | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | pages = 565–571 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17945476 | pmc = 2211412 | doi = 10.1016/j.ceb.2007.09.003 }} Plakoglobin was originally identified as a component of desmosomes, where it can bind to the cadherin family member desmoglein I. Plakoglobin also associates with classical cadherins such as E-cadherin; in that context, it was called gamma-catenin. Plakoglobin forms distinct complexes with cadherins and desmosomal cadherins.

Plakoglobin is a major cytoplasmic component of both desmosomes and adherens junctions, and is the only known constituent common to submembranous plaques in both of these structures,{{cite journal | vauthors = Cowin P, Kapprell HP, Franke WW, Tamkun J, Hynes RO | title = Plakoglobin: a protein common to different kinds of intercellular adhering junctions | journal = Cell | volume = 46 | issue = 7 | pages = 1063–1073 | date = September 1986 | pmid = 3530498 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90706-3 | s2cid = 45332970 }} which are located at the intercalated disc (ICD) of cardiomyocytes. Plakoglobin links cadherins to the actin cytoskeleton. Plakoglobin binds to conserved regions of desmoglein and desmocollin at intracellular catenin-binding sites to assemble desmosomes.{{cite journal | vauthors = Witcher LL, Collins R, Puttagunta S, Mechanic SE, Munson M, Gumbiner B, Cowin P | title = Desmosomal cadherin binding domains of plakoglobin | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 271 | issue = 18 | pages = 10904–10909 | date = May 1996 | pmid = 8631907 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.271.18.10904 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Troyanovsky RB, Chitaev NA, Troyanovsky SM | title = Cadherin binding sites of plakoglobin: localization, specificity and role in targeting to adhering junctions | journal = Journal of Cell Science | volume = 109 | issue = 13 | pages = 3069–3078 | date = December 1996 | pmid = 9004041 | doi = 10.1242/jcs.109.13.3069 }}

Plakoglobin is essential for normal development of intercalated discs and stability of cardiac muscle. Transgenic mice homozygous for a null mutation of the JUP gene die around embryonic day 12 from substantial defects in adherens junctions and a lack of functional desmosomes in the heart.{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruiz P, Brinkmann V, Ledermann B, Behrend M, Grund C, Thalhammer C, Vogel F, Birchmeier C, Günthert U, Franke WW, Birchmeier W | title = Targeted mutation of plakoglobin in mice reveals essential functions of desmosomes in the embryonic heart | journal = The Journal of Cell Biology | volume = 135 | issue = 1 | pages = 215–225 | date = October 1996 | pmid = 8858175 | pmc = 2121015 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.135.1.215 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Bierkamp C, Mclaughlin KJ, Schwarz H, Huber O, Kemler R | title = Embryonic heart and skin defects in mice lacking plakoglobin | journal = Developmental Biology | volume = 180 | issue = 2 | pages = 780–785 | date = December 1996 | pmid = 8954745 | doi = 10.1006/dbio.1996.0346 | doi-access = free }} Further studies showed that cardiac fibers obtained from JUP-null embryonic mice had decreased passive compliance albeit normal attachment of sarcomeres to adherens junctions.{{cite journal | vauthors = Isac CM, Ruiz P, Pfitzmaier B, Haase H, Birchmeier W, Morano I | title = Plakoglobin is essential for myocardial compliance but dispensable for myofibril insertion into adherens junctions | journal = Journal of Cellular Biochemistry | volume = 72 | issue = 1 | pages = 8–15 | date = January 1999 | pmid = 10025662 | doi = 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19990101)72:1<8::aid-jcb2>3.0.co;2-a | s2cid = 23650188 }}

In additional studies, an inducible cardiac-specific plakoglobin knockout mice were generated. Transgenic mice displayed a similar phenotype as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy patients, with loss of cardiomyocytes, fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction, as well as alterations in desmosome protein content and gap junction remodeling. Hearts also exhibited increases in β-catenin signaling.{{cite journal | vauthors = Li J, Swope D, Raess N, Cheng L, Muller EJ, Radice GL | title = Cardiac tissue-restricted deletion of plakoglobin results in progressive cardiomyopathy and activation of {beta}-catenin signaling | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 1134–1144 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21245375 | pmc = 3067899 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.01025-10 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Li D, Liu Y, Maruyama M, Zhu W, Chen H, Zhang W, Reuter S, Lin SF, Haneline LS, Field LJ, Chen PS, Shou W | title = Restrictive loss of plakoglobin in cardiomyocytes leads to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 20 | issue = 23 | pages = 4582–4596 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 21880664 | pmc = 3209829 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/ddr392 }} Further investigations on the role of β-catenin and plakoglobin in the heart generated a double knockout of these two proteins. Mice exhibited cardiomyopathy, fibrosis, conduction abnormalities and sudden cardiac death, presumably via spontaneous lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Mice also showed a decrease in gap junction structures at intercalated discs.{{cite journal | vauthors = Swope D, Cheng L, Gao E, Li J, Radice GL | title = Loss of cadherin-binding proteins β-catenin and plakoglobin in the heart leads to gap junction remodeling and arrhythmogenesis | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 32 | issue = 6 | pages = 1056–1067 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22252313 | pmc = 3295003 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.06188-11 }}

Intracellular plakoglobin expression is controlled by Wnt signaling and ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation. Phosphorylation of N-terminal Serines by a “destruction complex” composed of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and scaffold proteins adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and axin targets plakoglobin for degradation.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kodama S, Ikeda S, Asahara T, Kishida M, Kikuchi A | title = Axin directly interacts with plakoglobin and regulates its stability | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 274 | issue = 39 | pages = 27682–27688 | date = September 1999 | pmid = 10488109 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.274.39.27682 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Rubinfeld B, Souza B, Albert I, Munemitsu S, Polakis P | title = The APC protein and E-cadherin form similar but independent complexes with alpha-catenin, beta-catenin, and plakoglobin | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 10 | pages = 5549–5555 | date = March 1995 | pmid = 7890674 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.10.5549 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Kikuchi A | title = Regulation of beta-catenin signaling in the Wnt pathway | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 268 | issue = 2 | pages = 243–248 | date = February 2000 | pmid = 10679188 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1860 }}[31–33]. The phosphorylated motif is recognized by β-TrCP, a ubiquitin ligase that targets plakoglobin 26S proteasome-dependent degradation.{{cite journal | vauthors = Sadot E, Simcha I, Iwai K, Ciechanover A, Geiger B, Ben-Ze'ev A | title = Differential interaction of plakoglobin and beta-catenin with the ubiquitin-proteasome system | journal = Oncogene | volume = 19 | issue = 16 | pages = 1992–2001 | date = April 2000 | pmid = 10803460 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1203519 | doi-access = free }} Plakoglobin is also O-glycosylated near its N-terminal destruction box.

Mutation of the JUP gene encoding plakoglobin has been implicated as one of the causes of the cardiomyopathy known as arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy; mutations in JUP specifically causes an autosomal recessive form referred to as Naxos disease.{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang Z, Stroud MJ, Zhang J, Fang X, Ouyang K, Kimura K, Mu Y, Dalton ND, Gu Y, Bradford WH, Peterson KL, Cheng H, Zhou X, Chen J | title = Normalization of Naxos plakoglobin levels restores cardiac function in mice | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 125 | issue = 4 | pages = 1708–1712 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25705887 | pmc = 4396479 | doi = 10.1172/JCI80335 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Li D, Zhang W, Liu Y, Haneline LS, Shou W | title = Lack of plakoglobin in epidermis leads to keratoderma | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 287 | issue = 13 | pages = 10435–10443 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22315228 | pmc = 3322998 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M111.299669 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Rampazzo A | title = Genetic bases of arrhythmogenic right ventricular Cardiomyopathy | journal = Heart International | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 17 | date = 2006 | pmid = 21977247 | pmc = 3184660 | doi = 10.4081/hi.2006.17 | doi-broken-date = 1 November 2024 }} This form of was first identified in a small cluster of families on the Greek island of Naxos. The phenotype of the Naxos disease variant of ARVD is unique in that it involves the hair and skin as well as the right ventricle. Affected individuals have kinky, wooly hair; there is also palmar and plantar erythema at birth that progresses to keratosis as the palms and soles of the feet are used in crawling and walking.{{cite journal | vauthors = Erken H, Yariz KO, Duman D, Kaya CT, Sayin T, Heper AO, Tekin M | title = Cardiomyopathy with alopecia and palmoplantar keratoderma (CAPK) is caused by a JUP mutation | journal = The British Journal of Dermatology | volume = 165 | issue = 4 | pages = 917–921 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21668431 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10455.x | s2cid = 31241849 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Pigors M, Kiritsi D, Krümpelmann S, Wagner N, He Y, Podda M, Kohlhase J, Hausser I, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Has C | title = Lack of plakoglobin leads to lethal congenital epidermolysis bullosa: a novel clinico-genetic entity | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 20 | issue = 9 | pages = 1811–1819 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21320868 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/ddr064 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Cabral RM, Liu L, Hogan C, Dopping-Hepenstal PJ, Winik BC, Asial RA, Dobson R, Mein CA, Baselaga PA, Mellerio JE, Nanda A, Boente M, Kelsell DP, McGrath JA, South AP | title = Homozygous mutations in the 5' region of the JUP gene result in cutaneous disease but normal heart development in children | journal = The Journal of Investigative Dermatology | volume = 130 | issue = 6 | pages = 1543–1550 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20130592 | doi = 10.1038/jid.2010.7 | doi-access = free }} These findings co-segregate 100% with the development of ARVD by early adolescence.

It has become clear that ARVD/ARVC is a disease of the cardiac muscle desmosome; advances in molecular genetics have illuminated this notion.{{cite journal | vauthors = Marian AJ | title = On the diagnostic utility of junction plakoglobin in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy | journal = Cardiovascular Pathology | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 309–311 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23806441 | doi = 10.1016/j.carpath.2013.05.002 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Lazzarini E, Jongbloed JD, Pilichou K, Thiene G, Basso C, Bikker H, Charbon B, Swertz M, van Tintelen JP, van der Zwaag PA | title = The ARVD/C genetic variants database: 2014 update | journal = Human Mutation | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 403–410 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25676813 | doi = 10.1002/humu.22765 | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 29624191 | doi-access = free | hdl = 11577/3157304 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Fressart V, Duthoit G, Donal E, Probst V, Deharo JC, Chevalier P, Klug D, Dubourg O, Delacretaz E, Cosnay P, Scanu P, Extramiana F, Keller D, Hidden-Lucet F, Simon F, Bessirard V, Roux-Buisson N, Hebert JL, Azarine A, Casset-Senon D, Rouzet F, Lecarpentier Y, Fontaine G, Coirault C, Frank R, Hainque B, Charron P | title = Desmosomal gene analysis in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: spectrum of mutations and clinical impact in practice | journal = Europace | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 861–868 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20400443 | doi = 10.1093/europace/euq104 | doi-access = free }}{{cite book | vauthors = McNally E, MacLeod H, Dellefave-Castillo L | chapter = Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy | veditors = Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Amemiya A | title = GeneReviews® [Internet] | location = Seattle (WA) | publisher = University of Washington, Seattle | date = 1993 | pmid = 20301310 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Bauce B, Nava A, Beffagna G, Basso C, Lorenzon A, Smaniotto G, De Bortoli M, Rigato I, Mazzotti E, Steriotis A, Marra MP, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Danieli GA, Rampazzo A | title = Multiple mutations in desmosomal proteins encoding genes in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia | journal = Heart Rhythm | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 22–29 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 20129281 | doi = 10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.09.070 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = den Haan AD, Tan BY, Zikusoka MN, Lladó LI, Jain R, Daly A, Tichnell C, James C, Amat-Alarcon N, Abraham T, Russell SD, Bluemke DA, Calkins H, Dalal D, Judge DP | title = Comprehensive desmosome mutation analysis in north americans with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy | journal = Circulation. Cardiovascular Genetics | volume = 2 | issue = 5 | pages = 428–435 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 20031617 | pmc = 2801867 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.109.858217 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Awad MM, Calkins H, Judge DP | title = Mechanisms of disease: molecular genetics of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy | journal = Nature Clinical Practice. Cardiovascular Medicine | volume = 5 | issue = 5 | pages = 258–267 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18382419 | pmc = 2822988 | doi = 10.1038/ncpcardio1182 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = van Tintelen JP, Hofstra RM, Wiesfeld AC, van den Berg MP, Hauer RN, Jongbloed JD | title = Molecular genetics of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: emerging horizon? | journal = Current Opinion in Cardiology | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 185–192 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17413274 | doi = 10.1097/HCO.0b013e3280d942c4 | s2cid = 24552922 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Sen-Chowdhry S, Syrris P, McKenna WJ | title = Role of genetic analysis in the management of patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy | journal = Journal of the American College of Cardiology | volume = 50 | issue = 19 | pages = 1813–1821 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17980246 | doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.08.008 | doi-access = free }}

Studies investigating the role of plakoglobin in disease pathology have found that suppression of desmoplakin expression by siRNA led to the nuclear localization of plakoglobin, resulting in a reduction in Wnt signaling via Tcf/Lef1 and ensued pathogenesis of ARVC.{{cite journal | vauthors = Garcia-Gras E, Lombardi R, Giocondo MJ, Willerson JT, Schneider MD, Khoury DS, Marian AJ | title = Suppression of canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by nuclear plakoglobin recapitulates phenotype of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 116 | issue = 7 | pages = 2012–2021 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16823493 | pmc = 1483165 | doi = 10.1172/JCI27751 }} Specifically, adipogenic factor expression was induced and cardiac progenitor cells at the epicardium were differentiated to adipocytes.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lombardi R, Marian AJ | title = Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is a disease of cardiac stem cells | journal = Current Opinion in Cardiology | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 222–228 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20124997 | pmc = 2980568 | doi = 10.1097/HCO.0b013e3283376daf }}

Non-invasive cardiac screening identified T-wave inversion, abnormalities in right ventricular wall motion, and frequent ventricular extrasystoles as sensitive and specific markers of a JUP mutation.{{cite journal | vauthors = Antoniades L, Tsatsopoulou A, Anastasakis A, Syrris P, Asimaki A, Panagiotakos D, Zambartas C, Stefanadis C, McKenna WJ, Protonotarios N | title = Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy caused by deletions in plakophilin-2 and plakoglobin (Naxos disease) in families from Greece and Cyprus: genotype-phenotype relations, diagnostic features and prognosis | journal = European Heart Journal | volume = 27 | issue = 18 | pages = 2208–2216 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16893920 | doi = 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl184 | doi-access = free }} Additional studies have shown that immunohistochemical analysis of cardiac muscle desmosomal proteins is also a sensitive and specific diagnostic text for ARVD/ARVC.{{cite journal | vauthors = van Tintelen JP, Hauer RN | title = Cardiomyopathies: New test for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy | journal = Nature Reviews. Cardiology | volume = 6 | issue = 7 | pages = 450–451 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19554004 | doi = 10.1038/nrcardio.2009.97 | s2cid = 20454940 }}

Abnormal distribution of plakoglobin due to mutations in genes encoding for Desmoglein 1 and 3 have also been implicated in Pemphigus vulgaris.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lo Muzio L, Pannone G, Staibano S, Mignogna MD, Rubini C, Ruocco E, De Rosa G, Sciubba JJ | title = A possible role of catenin dyslocalization in pemphigus vulgaris pathogenesis | journal = Journal of Cutaneous Pathology | volume = 28 | issue = 9 | pages = 460–469 | date = October 2001 | pmid = 11553312 | doi = 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2001.028009460.x | s2cid = 34380290 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Mignogna MD, Pannone G, Lo Muzio L, Staibano S, Bucci E | title = Catenin dislocation in oral pemphigus vulgaris | journal = Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine | volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 268–274 | date = May 2001 | pmid = 11334462 | doi = 10.1034/j.1600-0714.2001.300503.x }}

Plakoglobin has been shown to interact with:

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• APC,{{cite journal | vauthors = Daniel JM, Reynolds AB | title = The tyrosine kinase substrate p120cas binds directly to E-cadherin but not to the adenomatous polyposis coli protein or alpha-catenin | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 15 | issue = 9 | pages = 4819–4824 | date = September 1995 | pmid = 7651399 | pmc = 230726 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.15.9.4819 }}
• CTNNA1,{{cite journal | vauthors = Roe S, Koslov ER, Rimm DL | title = A mutation in alpha-catenin disrupts adhesion in clone A cells without perturbing its actin and beta-catenin binding activity | journal = Cell Adhesion and Communication | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 283–296 | date = June 1998 | pmid = 9762469 | doi = 10.3109/15419069809040298 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Obama H, Ozawa M | title = Identification of the domain of alpha-catenin involved in its association with beta-catenin and plakoglobin (gamma-catenin) | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 272 | issue = 17 | pages = 11017–11020 | date = April 1997 | pmid = 9110993 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.272.17.11017 | doi-access = free }}
• CTNNB1,{{cite journal | vauthors = Hazan RB, Norton L | title = The epidermal growth factor receptor modulates the interaction of E-cadherin with the actin cytoskeleton | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 273 | issue = 15 | pages = 9078–9084 | date = April 1998 | pmid = 9535896 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.273.15.9078 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Kucerová D, Sloncová E, Tuhácková Z, Vojtechová M, Sovová V | title = Expression and interaction of different catenins in colorectal carcinoma cells | journal = International Journal of Molecular Medicine | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = 695–698 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11712088 | doi = 10.3892/ijmm.8.6.695 }}
• CDH1,{{cite journal | vauthors = Shibata T, Gotoh M, Ochiai A, Hirohashi S | title = Association of plakoglobin with APC, a tumor suppressor gene product, and its regulation by tyrosine phosphorylation | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 203 | issue = 1 | pages = 519–522 | date = August 1994 | pmid = 8074697 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2213 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Kinch MS, Clark GJ, Der CJ, Burridge K | title = Tyrosine phosphorylation regulates the adhesions of ras-transformed breast epithelia | journal = The Journal of Cell Biology | volume = 130 | issue = 2 | pages = 461–471 | date = July 1995 | pmid = 7542250 | pmc = 2199929 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.130.2.461 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Hinck L, Näthke IS, Papkoff J, Nelson WJ | title = Dynamics of cadherin/catenin complex formation: novel protein interactions and pathways of complex assembly | journal = The Journal of Cell Biology | volume = 125 | issue = 6 | pages = 1327–1340 | date = June 1994 | pmid = 8207061 | pmc = 2290923 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.125.6.1327 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Knudsen KA, Wheelock MJ | title = Plakoglobin, or an 83-kD homologue distinct from beta-catenin, interacts with E-cadherin and N-cadherin | journal = The Journal of Cell Biology | volume = 118 | issue = 3 | pages = 671–679 | date = August 1992 | pmid = 1639850 | pmc = 2289540 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.118.3.671 }}
• CDH2,{{cite journal | vauthors = Sacco PA, McGranahan TM, Wheelock MJ, Johnson KR | title = Identification of plakoglobin domains required for association with N-cadherin and alpha-catenin | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 34 | pages = 20201–20206 | date = August 1995 | pmid = 7650039 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.34.20201 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Straub BK, Boda J, Kuhn C, Schnoelzer M, Korf U, Kempf T, Spring H, Hatzfeld M, Franke WW | title = A novel cell-cell junction system: the cortex adhaerens mosaic of lens fiber cells | journal = Journal of Cell Science | volume = 116 | issue = Pt 24 | pages = 4985–4995 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14625392 | doi = 10.1242/jcs.00815 | doi-access = free }}
• CDH3,{{cite journal | vauthors = Klingelhöfer J, Troyanovsky RB, Laur OY, Troyanovsky S | title = Amino-terminal domain of classic cadherins determines the specificity of the adhesive interactions | journal = Journal of Cell Science | volume = 113 | issue = 16 | pages = 2829–2836 | date = August 2000 | pmid = 10910767 | doi = 10.1242/jcs.113.16.2829 }}
• CDH5,{{cite journal | vauthors = Lewalle JM, Bajou K, Desreux J, Mareel M, Dejana E, Noël A, Foidart JM | title = Alteration of interendothelial adherens junctions following tumor cell-endothelial cell interaction in vitro | journal = Experimental Cell Research | volume = 237 | issue = 2 | pages = 347–356 | date = December 1997 | pmid = 9434630 | doi = 10.1006/excr.1997.3799 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 2268/61990 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Shasby DM, Ries DR, Shasby SS, Winter MC | title = Histamine stimulates phosphorylation of adherens junction proteins and alters their link to vimentin | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology | volume = 282 | issue = 6 | pages = L1330–L1338 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12003790 | doi = 10.1152/ajplung.00329.2001 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.1000.5266 }}
• DSG2,{{cite journal | vauthors = Bannon LJ, Cabrera BL, Stack MS, Green KJ | title = Isoform-specific differences in the size of desmosomal cadherin/catenin complexes | journal = The Journal of Investigative Dermatology | volume = 117 | issue = 5 | pages = 1302–1306 | date = November 2001 | pmid = 11710948 | doi = 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01512.x | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Nieset JE, Sacco-Bubulya PA, Sadler TM, Johnson KR, Wheelock MJ | title = The amino- and carboxyl-terminal tails of (beta)-catenin reduce its affinity for desmoglein 2 | journal = Journal of Cell Science | volume = 113 | issue = 10 | pages = 1737–1745 | date = May 2000 | pmid = 10769205 | doi = 10.1242/jcs.113.10.1737 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Ozawa M, Terada H, Pedraza C | title = The fourth armadillo repeat of plakoglobin (gamma-catenin) is required for its high affinity binding to the cytoplasmic domains of E-cadherin and desmosomal cadherin Dsg2, and the tumor suppressor APC protein | journal = Journal of Biochemistry | volume = 118 | issue = 5 | pages = 1077–1082 | date = November 1995 | pmid = 8749329 | doi = 10.1093/jb/118.5.1077 }}
• DSP,{{cite journal | vauthors = Kowalczyk AP, Navarro P, Dejana E, Bornslaeger EA, Green KJ, Kopp DS, Borgwardt JE | title = VE-cadherin and desmoplakin are assembled into dermal microvascular endothelial intercellular junctions: a pivotal role for plakoglobin in the recruitment of desmoplakin to intercellular junctions | journal = Journal of Cell Science | volume = 111 | issue = 20 | pages = 3045–3057 | date = October 1998 | pmid = 9739078 | doi = 10.1242/jcs.111.20.3045 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Kowalczyk AP, Bornslaeger EA, Borgwardt JE, Palka HL, Dhaliwal AS, Corcoran CM, Denning MF, Green KJ | title = The amino-terminal domain of desmoplakin binds to plakoglobin and clusters desmosomal cadherin-plakoglobin complexes | journal = The Journal of Cell Biology | volume = 139 | issue = 3 | pages = 773–784 | date = November 1997 | pmid = 9348293 | pmc = 2141713 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.139.3.773 }}
• MUC1,{{cite journal | vauthors = Li Y, Yu WH, Ren J, Chen W, Huang L, Kharbanda S, Loda M, Kufe D | title = Heregulin targets gamma-catenin to the nucleolus by a mechanism dependent on the DF3/MUC1 oncoprotein | journal = Molecular Cancer Research | volume = 1 | issue = 10 | pages = 765–775 | date = August 2003 | pmid = 12939402 }}
• PKP2,{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen X, Bonne S, Hatzfeld M, van Roy F, Green KJ | title = Protein binding and functional characterization of plakophilin 2. Evidence for its diverse roles in desmosomes and beta -catenin signaling | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 12 | pages = 10512–10522 | date = March 2002 | pmid = 11790773 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M108765200 | doi-access = free }}
• PTPkappa (PTPRK),{{cite journal | vauthors = Fuchs M, Müller T, Lerch MM, Ullrich A | title = Association of human protein-tyrosine phosphatase kappa with members of the armadillo family | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 271 | issue = 28 | pages = 16712–16719 | date = July 1996 | pmid = 8663237 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.271.28.16712 | doi-access = free }}
• PTPrho (PTPRT),{{cite journal | vauthors = Besco JA, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R, Frostholm A, Rotter A | title = Intracellular substrates of brain-enriched receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase rho (RPTPrho/PTPRT) | journal = Brain Research | volume = 1116 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–57 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 16973135 | doi = 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.122 | s2cid = 23343123 }} and
• PDLIM3.{{cite journal | vauthors = Pashmforoush M, Pomiès P, Peterson KL, Kubalak S, Ross J, Hefti A, Aebi U, Beckerle MC, Chien KR | title = Adult mice deficient in actinin-associated LIM-domain protein reveal a developmental pathway for right ventricular cardiomyopathy | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | pages = 591–597 | date = May 2001 | pmid = 11329061 | doi = 10.1038/87920 | s2cid = 1781328 }}

{{Div col end}}

• Catenin
• List of conditions caused by problems with junctional proteins

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite journal | vauthors = Cowin P, Kapprell HP, Franke WW, Tamkun J, Hynes RO | title = Plakoglobin: a protein common to different kinds of intercellular adhering junctions | journal = Cell | volume = 46 | issue = 7 | pages = 1063–1073 | date = September 1986 | pmid = 3530498 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90706-3 | s2cid = 45332970 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Franke WW, Goldschmidt MD, Zimbelmann R, Mueller HM, Schiller DL, Cowin P | title = Molecular cloning and amino acid sequence of human plakoglobin, the common junctional plaque protein | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 86 | issue = 11 | pages = 4027–4031 | date = June 1989 | pmid = 2726765 | pmc = 287381 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.86.11.4027 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 1989PNAS...86.4027F }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Mathur M, Goodwin L, Cowin P | title = Interactions of the cytoplasmic domain of the desmosomal cadherin Dsg1 with plakoglobin | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 269 | issue = 19 | pages = 14075–14080 | date = May 1994 | pmid = 8188687 | doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36756-X | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Beavon IR | title = The E-cadherin-catenin complex in tumour metastasis: structure, function and regulation | journal = European Journal of Cancer | volume = 36 | issue = 13 Spec No | pages = 1607–1620 | date = August 2000 | pmid = 10959047 | doi = 10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00158-1 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Wilson PD | title = Polycystin: new aspects of structure, function, and regulation | journal = Journal of the American Society of Nephrology | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = 834–845 | date = April 2001 | pmid = 11274246 | doi = 10.1681/ASN.V124834 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Protonotarios NI, Tsatsopoulou AA, Gatzoulis KA | title = Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy caused by a deletion in plakoglobin (Naxos disease) | journal = Cardiac Electrophysiology Review | volume = 6 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 72–80 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 11984022 | doi = 10.1023/A:1017943323473 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Knudsen KA, Wheelock MJ | title = Plakoglobin, or an 83-kD homologue distinct from beta-catenin, interacts with E-cadherin and N-cadherin | journal = The Journal of Cell Biology | volume = 118 | issue = 3 | pages = 671–679 | date = August 1992 | pmid = 1639850 | pmc = 2289540 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.118.3.671 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Arnemann J, Spurr NK, Wheeler GN, Parker AE, Buxton RS | title = Chromosomal assignment of the human genes coding for the major proteins of the desmosome junction, desmoglein DGI (DSG), desmocollins DGII/III (DSC), desmoplakins DPI/II (DSP), and plakoglobin DPIII (JUP) | journal = Genomics | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 640–645 | date = July 1991 | pmid = 1889810 | doi = 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90446-L }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Kinch MS, Clark GJ, Der CJ, Burridge K | title = Tyrosine phosphorylation regulates the adhesions of ras-transformed breast epithelia | journal = The Journal of Cell Biology | volume = 130 | issue = 2 | pages = 461–471 | date = July 1995 | pmid = 7542250 | pmc = 2199929 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.130.2.461 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Aberle H, Bierkamp C, Torchard D, Serova O, Wagner T, Natt E, Wirsching J, Heidkämper C, Montagna M, Lynch HT | title = The human plakoglobin gene localizes on chromosome 17q21 and is subjected to loss of heterozygosity in breast and ovarian cancers | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 92 | issue = 14 | pages = 6384–6388 | date = July 1995 | pmid = 7604000 | pmc = 41522 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.92.14.6384 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 1995PNAS...92.6384A }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Sacco PA, McGranahan TM, Wheelock MJ, Johnson KR | title = Identification of plakoglobin domains required for association with N-cadherin and alpha-catenin | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 34 | pages = 20201–20206 | date = August 1995 | pmid = 7650039 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.34.20201 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Daniel JM, Reynolds AB | title = The tyrosine kinase substrate p120cas binds directly to E-cadherin but not to the adenomatous polyposis coli protein or alpha-catenin | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 15 | issue = 9 | pages = 4819–4824 | date = September 1995 | pmid = 7651399 | pmc = 230726 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.15.9.4819 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Kanai Y, Ochiai A, Shibata T, Oyama T, Ushijima S, Akimoto S, Hirohashi S | title = c-erbB-2 gene product directly associates with beta-catenin and plakoglobin | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 208 | issue = 3 | pages = 1067–1072 | date = March 1995 | pmid = 7702605 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1443 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Roh JY, Stanley JR | title = Plakoglobin binding by human Dsg3 (pemphigus vulgaris antigen) in keratinocytes requires the cadherin-like intracytoplasmic segment | journal = The Journal of Investigative Dermatology | volume = 104 | issue = 5 | pages = 720–724 | date = May 1995 | pmid = 7738346 | doi = 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12606963 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Shibamoto S, Hayakawa M, Takeuchi K, Hori T, Miyazawa K, Kitamura N, Johnson KR, Wheelock MJ, Matsuyoshi N, Takeichi M | title = Association of p120, a tyrosine kinase substrate, with E-cadherin/catenin complexes | journal = The Journal of Cell Biology | volume = 128 | issue = 5 | pages = 949–957 | date = March 1995 | pmid = 7876318 | pmc = 2120395 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.128.5.949 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Rubinfeld B, Souza B, Albert I, Munemitsu S, Polakis P | title = The APC protein and E-cadherin form similar but independent complexes with alpha-catenin, beta-catenin, and plakoglobin | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 10 | pages = 5549–5555 | date = March 1995 | pmid = 7890674 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.10.5549 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Troyanovsky SM, Troyanovsky RB, Eshkind LG, Leube RE, Franke WW | title = Identification of amino acid sequence motifs in desmocollin, a desmosomal glycoprotein, that are required for plakoglobin binding and plaque formation | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 91 | issue = 23 | pages = 10790–10794 | date = November 1994 | pmid = 7971964 | pmc = 45111 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.91.23.10790 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 1994PNAS...9110790T }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Shibata T, Gotoh M, Ochiai A, Hirohashi S | title = Association of plakoglobin with APC, a tumor suppressor gene product, and its regulation by tyrosine phosphorylation | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 203 | issue = 1 | pages = 519–522 | date = August 1994 | pmid = 8074697 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2213 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Hinck L, Näthke IS, Papkoff J, Nelson WJ | title = Dynamics of cadherin/catenin complex formation: novel protein interactions and pathways of complex assembly | journal = The Journal of Cell Biology | volume = 125 | issue = 6 | pages = 1327–1340 | date = June 1994 | pmid = 8207061 | pmc = 2290923 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.125.6.1327 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Arnemann J, Sullivan KH, Magee AI, King IA, Buxton RS | title = Stratification-related expression of isoforms of the desmosomal cadherins in human epidermis | journal = Journal of Cell Science | volume = 104 | issue = 3 | pages = 741–750 | date = March 1993 | pmid = 8314871 | doi = 10.1242/jcs.104.3.741 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Ozawa M, Nuruki K, Toyoyama H, Ohi Y | title = Cloning of an alternative form of plakoglobin (gamma-catenin) lacking the fourth armadillo repeat | journal = Journal of Biochemistry | volume = 118 | issue = 4 | pages = 836–840 | date = October 1995 | pmid = 8576101 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124988 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Fuchs M, Müller T, Lerch MM, Ullrich A | title = Association of human protein-tyrosine phosphatase kappa with members of the armadillo family | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 271 | issue = 28 | pages = 16712–16719 | date = July 1996 | pmid = 8663237 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.271.28.16712 | doi-access = free }}

{{refend}}

• [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1131/ GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy, Autosomal Dominant]
• [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/604772,605676,601214,107970,125645,125647,125671,173325,180902,190230,600996,602086,602087,602861,604400,604401,607450,609040,609160,610193,610476,611528,612048,107970,125645,125647,125671,173325,180902,190230,600996,602086,602087,602861,604400,604401,607450,609040,609160,610193,610476,611528,612048 OMIM entries on Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy, Autosomal Dominant]
• {{MeshName|gamma-Catenin}}

{{Cytoskeletal Proteins}}

{{Epithelial tissue}}

Category:Catenins

Category:Armadillo-repeat-containing proteins