Planckian locus

{{Short description|Locus of colors of incandescent black bodies within a color space}}

In physics and color science, the Planckian locus or black body locus is the path or locus that the color of an incandescent black body would take in a particular chromaticity space as the blackbody temperature changes. It goes from deep red at low temperatures through orange, yellowish, white, and finally bluish white at very high temperatures.

A color space is a three-dimensional space; that is, a color is specified by a set of three numbers (the CIE coordinates X, Y, and Z, for example, or other values such as hue, colorfulness, and luminance) which specify the color and brightness of a particular homogeneous visual stimulus. A chromaticity is a color projected into a two-dimensional space that ignores brightness. For example, the standard CIE XYZ color space projects directly to the corresponding chromaticity space specified by the two chromaticity coordinates known as x and y, making the familiar chromaticity diagram shown in the figure. The Planckian locus, the path that the color of a black body takes as the blackbody temperature changes, is often shown in this standard chromaticity space.

Planckian locus in the XYZ color space

File:CIE 1931 XYZ Color Matching Functions.svg functions used to map blackbody spectra to XYZ coordinates]]

In the CIE XYZ color space, the three coordinates defining a color are given by X, Y, and Z:{{cite book |author1=Wyszecki, Günter |author2=Stiles, Walter Stanley |name-list-style=amp | title=Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae |edition=2E| publisher=Wiley-Interscience | year=2000 | isbn=0-471-39918-3}}

: $X_T = \int_\lambda X(\lambda)M(\lambda,T)\,d\lambda$

: $Y_T = \int_\lambda Y(\lambda)M(\lambda,T)\,d\lambda$

: $Z_T = \int_\lambda Z(\lambda)M(\lambda,T)\,d\lambda$

where M(λ,T) is the spectral radiant exitance of the light being viewed, and X(λ), Y(λ) and Z(λ) are the color matching functions of the CIE standard colorimetric observer, shown in the diagram on the right, and λ is the wavelength. The Planckian locus is determined by substituting into the above equations the black body spectral radiant exitance, which is given by Planck's law:

: $M(\lambda,T) =\frac{c_{1}}{\lambda^5}\frac{1}{\exp\left(\frac{c_2}{{\lambda}T}\right)-1}$

where:

: c₁ = 2{{pi}}hc² is the first radiation constant

: c₂ = hc/k is the second radiation constant

and

: M is the black body spectral radiant exitance (power per unit area per unit wavelength: watt per square meter per meter (W/m³))

: T is the temperature of the black body

: h is the Planck constant

: c is the speed of light

: k is the Boltzmann constant

This will give the Planckian locus in CIE XYZ color space. If these coordinates are X_T, Y_T, Z_T where T is the temperature, then the CIE chromaticity coordinates will be

: $x_T = \frac{X_T}{X_T+Y_T+Z_T}$

: $y_T = \frac{Y_T}{X_T+Y_T+Z_T}$

Note that in the above formula for Planck's Law, you might as well use c_1L = 2hc² (the first radiation constant for spectral radiance) instead of c₁ (the “regular” first radiation constant), in which case the formula would give the spectral radiance L(λ,T) of the black body instead of the spectral radiant exitance M(λ,T). However, this change only affects the absolute values of X_T, Y_T and Z_T, not the values relative to each other. Since X_T, Y_T and Z_T are usually normalized to Y_T = 1 (or Y_T = 100) and are normalized when x_T and y_T are calculated, the absolute values of X_T, Y_T and Z_T do not matter. For practical reasons, c₁ might therefore simply be replaced by 1.

= Approximation =

The Planckian locus in xy space is depicted as a curve in the chromaticity diagram above. While it is possible to compute the CIE xy co-ordinates exactly given the above formulas, it is faster to use approximations. Since the mired scale changes more evenly along the locus than the temperature itself, it is common for such approximations to be functions of the reciprocal temperature. Kim et al. use a cubic spline:

{{US patent reference

| number = 7024034

| y = 2006

| m = 04

| d = 04

| inventor = Kim et al.

| title = Color Temperature Conversion System and Method Using the Same

}}{{cite journal|journal=Journal of the Korean Physical Society|volume=41|issue=6|date=December 2002|pages=865–871|title=Design of Advanced Color Temperature Control System for HDTV Applications|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cc7f/c2e67601ccb1a8fec048c9b78a4224c34d26.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303161843/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cc7f/c2e67601ccb1a8fec048c9b78a4224c34d26.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-03-03|author1=Bongsoon Kang|author2=Ohak Moon|author3=Changhee Hong|author4=Honam Lee|author5=Bonghwan Cho|author6=Youngsun Kim|s2cid=4489377 }}

: $x_\text{c}=\begin{cases}
-0.2661239 \frac{10^9}{T^3} - 0.2343589 \frac{10^6}{T^2} + 0.8776956 \frac{10^3}{T} + 0.179910 & 1667\,\text{K} \leq T \leq 4000\,\text{K} \\
-3.0258469 \frac{10^9}{T^3} + 2.1070379 \frac{10^6}{T^2} + 0.2226347 \frac{10^3}{T} + 0.240390 & 4000\,\text{K} \leq T \leq 25000\,\text{K}
\end{cases}$

: $y_\text{c}=\begin{cases}
-1.1063814 x_\text{c}^3 - 1.34811020 x_\text{c}^2 + 2.18555832 x_\text{c} - 0.20219683 & 1667\,\text{K} \leq T \leq 2222\,\text{K} \\
-0.9549476 x_\text{c}^3 - 1.37418593 x_\text{c}^2 + 2.09137015 x_\text{c} - 0.16748867 & 2222\,\text{K} \leq T \leq 4000\,\text{K} \\
+3.0817580 x_\text{c}^3 - 5.87338670 x_\text{c}^2 + 3.75112997 x_\text{c} - 0.37001483 & 4000\,\text{K} \leq T \leq 25000\,\text{K}
\end{cases}$

File:Planckian-locus-approximation.png

File:Planck locus.gif]]

The Planckian locus can also be approximated in the CIE 1960 color space, which is used to compute CCT and CRI, using the following expressions:{{cite journal| journal=Color Research & Application|title=An algorithm to calculate correlated colour temperature|first=Michael P.|last=Krystek|volume=10|issue=1|date=January 1985|pages=38–40|doi=10.1002/col.5080100109|quote=A new algorithm to calculate correlated colour temperature is given. This algorithm is based on a rational Chebyshev approximation of the Planckian locus in the CIE 1960 UCS diagram and a bisection procedure. Thus time-consuming search procedures in tables or charts are no longer necessary.}}

: $\bar{u}(T)=\frac{0.860117757+1.54118254 \times 10^{-4}T + 1.28641212 \times 10^{-7} T^2}{1+8.42420235 \times 10^{-4}T + 7.08145163 \times 10^{-7}T^2}$

: $\bar{v}(T)=\frac{0.317398726+4.22806245 \times 10^{-5}T + 4.20481691 \times 10^{-8} T^2}{1-2.89741816 \times 10^{-5}T+1.61456053 \times 10^{-7}T^2}$

This approximation is accurate to within $\left| u-\bar{u} \right| < 8\times10^{-5}$ and $\left|v-\bar{v}\right|<9\times10^{-5}$ for $1000\,K . Alternatively, one can use the chromaticity ($ x, y) coordinates estimated from above to derive the corresponding (u, v), if a larger range of temperatures is required.

The inverse calculation, from chromaticity co-ordinates (x, y) on or near the Planckian locus to correlated color temperature, is discussed in {{section link|Correlated color temperature|Approximation}}.

Correlated color temperature

{{blockquote|The correlated color temperature (T_cp) is the temperature

of the Planckian radiator whose perceived colour most closely resembles that of a given stimulus at the same brightness and under specified viewing conditions| [http://www.cie.co.at/publ/abst/17-4-89.html CIE/IEC 17.4:1987]|International Lighting Vocabulary ({{ISBN|3900734070}}){{cite journal|title=The concept of correlated colour temperature revisited|first=Ákos|last=Borbély|author2=Sámson,Árpád|author3=Schanda, János|volume=26|issue=6|pages=450–457|date=December 2001|doi=10.1002/col.1065|journal=Color Research & Application|url=http://www.knt.vein.hu/staff/schandaj/SJCV-Publ-2005/462.doc|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205040121/http://www.knt.vein.hu/staff/schandaj/SJCV-Publ-2005/462.doc|archivedate=2009-02-05}}}}

The mathematical procedure for determining the correlated color temperature involves finding the closest point to the light source's white point on the Planckian locus. Since the CIE's 1959 meeting in Brussels, the Planckian locus has been computed using the CIE 1960 color space, also known as MacAdam's (u,v) diagram.{{cite journal|title=Lines of constant correlated color temperature based on MacAdam's (u,v) Uniform chromaticity transformation of the CIE diagram|first=Kenneth L.|last=Kelly|journal=JOSA|volume=53|issue=8|date=August 1963|doi=10.1364/JOSA.53.000999|pages=999|bibcode=1963JOSA...53..999K}} Today, the CIE 1960 color space is deprecated for other purposes:{{cite book|title=Lighting Engineering: Applied Calculations|first=Ronald Harvey|last=Simons|author2=Bean, Arthur Robert |publisher=Architectural Press|isbn=0-7506-5051-6|year=2001| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SWzBKDGHxOUC&dq=%22correlated+colour+temperature%22+CIE+macadam&pg=PA289}}

{{blockquote|The 1960 UCS diagram and 1964 Uniform Space are declared obsolete recommendation in CIE 15.2 (1986), but have been retained for the time being for calculating colour rendering indices and correlated colour temperature.|CIE 13.3 (1995)|[http://www.cie.co.at/publ/abst/13-3-95.html Method of Measuring and Specifying Colour Rendering Properties of Light Sources]}}

Owing to the perceptual inaccuracy inherent to the concept, it suffices to calculate to within 2 K at lower CCTs and 10 K at higher CCTs to reach the threshold of imperceptibility.{{cite web|title=Results of the Intercomparison of Correlated Color Temperature Calculation|url=http://cie2.nist.gov/CR3/Documents/Results_CCTcomparison.pdf|date=19 June 1999|publisher=CORM|first=Yoshi|last=Ohno|author2=Jergens, Michael|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930180626/http://cie2.nist.gov/CR3/Documents/Results_CCTcomparison.pdf|archivedate=30 September 2006}}

File:Planckian-locus.png. The isotherms are perpendicular to the Planckian locus, and are drawn to indicate the maximum distance from the locus that the CIE considers the correlated color temperature to be meaningful: $\Delta_{uv}=\pm 0.05$ ]]

= International Temperature Scale =

The Planckian locus is derived by the determining the chromaticity values of a Planckian radiator using the standard colorimetric observer. The relative spectral power distribution (SPD) of a Planckian radiator follows Planck's law, and depends on the second radiation constant, $c_2=hc/k$ . As measuring techniques have improved, the General Conference on Weights and Measures has revised its estimate of this constant, with the International Temperature Scale (and briefly, the International Practical Temperature Scale). These successive revisions caused a shift in the Planckian locus and, as a result, the correlated color temperature scale. Before ceasing publication of standard illuminants, the CIE worked around this problem by explicitly specifying the form of the SPD, rather than making references to black bodies and a color temperature. Nevertheless, it is useful to be aware of previous revisions in order to be able to verify calculations made in older texts:{{cite book|title=Colorimetry: Understanding the CIE System|author=Janos Schanda|publisher=Wiley Interscience|year=2007|chapter=3: CIE Colorimetry|isbn=978-0-470-04904-4|pages=37–46}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.its-90.com/its-90p4.html |title=The ITS-90 Resource Site |access-date=2008-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221023247/http://www.its-90.com/its-90p4.html |archive-date=2008-02-21 |url-status=dead }}

$c_2$ = {{val|1.432|e=-2|u=m·K}} (ITS-27). Note: Was in effect during the standardization of Illuminants A, B, C (1931), however the CIE used the value recommended by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards, 1.435 × 10⁻²{{cite journal|title=The Early History of the International Practical Scale of Temperature|first=J.A.|last=Hall|doi=10.1088/0026-1394/3/1/006|journal=Metrologia|volume=3|issue=1|pages=25–28|date=January 1967}}{{cite journal|title=A table of Planckian radiation|first=Parry|last=Moon|date=March 1948|journal=JOSA|volume=38|issue=3|pages=291–294|doi=10.1364/JOSA.38.000291|pmid=18903298 }}
$c_2$ = {{val|1.4380|e=-2|u=m·K}} (IPTS-48). In effect for Illuminant series D (formalized in 1967).
$c_2$ = {{val|1.4388|e=-2|u=m·K}} (ITS-68), (ITS-90). Often used in recent papers.
$c_2$ = {{val|1.4387770|(13)|e=-2|u=m·K}} (CODATA 2010){{cite web|title=CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2010|year=2012|first=Peter J.|last=Mohr |author2=Taylor, Barry N. |author3=Newell, David B.|url=http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/codata.pdf}}
$c_2$ = {{val|1.43877736|(83)|e=-2|u=m·K}} (CODATA 2014){{Cite journal|last=Mohr|first=Peter J.|date=2016-09-26|title=CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2014|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume=88|issue=3|page=035009 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.88.035009|arxiv=1507.07956|bibcode=2016RvMP...88c5009M|s2cid=1115862 }}{{Cite journal|last1=Mohr|first1=Peter J.|last2=Newell|first2=David B.|last3=Taylor|first3=Barry N.|date=2016-11-22|title=CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2014|journal=Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data|language=en|volume=45|issue=4|pages=043102|doi=10.1063/1.4954402|issn=0047-2689|arxiv=1507.07956|bibcode=2016JPCRD..45d3102M }}
$c_2$ = {{val|1.438776877|end=...|e=-2|u=m·K}} (CODATA 2018). Current value, as of 2020.{{cite web|url=https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/CCValue?c22ndrc |title=2018 CODATA Value: second radiation constant – The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. |access-date=2020-01-17}} The 2019 revision of the SI fixed the Boltzmann constant to an exact value. Since the Planck constant and the speed of light were already fixed to exact values, that means that c₂ is now an exact value as well. Note that ... doesn't indicate a repeating fraction; it merely means that of this exact value only the first ten digits are shown.

References

External links

[http://www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/blackbody/UnstableURLs/bbr_color.html Numerical table of color temperature and the corresponding xy and sRGB coordinates for both the 1931 and 1964 CMFs], by Mitchell Charity.

Category:Color space