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Planh

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{{redirect|Planch|the botanist|Jules Émile Planchon}}

File:BnF_ms._854_fol._133_-_Cercamon_(2).jpg, troubadour and author of the earliest known planh]]

A genre of the troubadours, the {{lang|pro|planh}} or {{lang|pro|plaing}} ({{IPA|pro|ˈplaɲ|label=Old Occitan:}}; "lament") is a funeral lament for "a great personage, a protector, a friend or relative, or a lady."Elisabeth Schulze-Busacker, "Topoi", in F. R. P. Akehurst and Judith M. Davis, eds., A Handbook of the Troubadours (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), pp. 421–440. Its main elements are expression of grief, praise of the deceased (eulogy) and prayer for his or her soul.Patricia Harris Stäblein, "New Views on an Old Problem: The Dynamics of Death in the {{lang|pro|Planh}}", Romance Philology 35, 1 (1981): 223–234. It is descended from the medieval Latin {{lang|la|planctus}}.William D. Paden, "Planh/Complainte", in W. W. Kibler and G. A. Zinn, eds., Medieval France: An Encyclopedia (New York: Garland, 1995), pp. 1400–1401.

The {{lang|pro|planh}} is similar to the {{lang|pro|sirventes}} in that both were typically contrafacta. They made use of existing melodies, often imitating the original song even down to the rhymes. The most famous {{lang|pro|planh}} of all, however, Gaucelm Faidit's lament on the death of King Richard the Lionheart in 1199, was set to original music.John Stevens, [https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000021905 "Planctus"], Grove Music Online (2001). Retrieved 21 August 2019.

Elisabeth Schulze-Busacker identifies three types of {{lang|pro|planh}}: "the moralizing {{lang|pro|planh}}", in which the expression of grief is a point of departure for social criticism; "the true lament", in which personal grief is central; and "the courtly {{lang|pro|planh}}", in which the impact of the death on the court is emphasised. Alfred Jeanroy considered that the common denunciation of the evils of the present age was a feature that distinguished the {{lang|pro|planh}} from the {{lang|la|planctus}}.Stephen Manning, "Chaucer's Good Fair White: Woman and Symbol", Comparative Literature 10, 2 (1958): 97–105. In the conventions of the genre, the subject's death is announced by the simple words {{lang|pro|es mortz}} ("is dead"). By the 13th century, the placement of these words within the poem was fixed: it occurred in the seventh or eighth line of the first stanza. It is perhaps an indication of the sincerity of their grief that the troubadours rarely praised the successors of their patrons in the {{lang|pro|planh}}.

There are at least forty-four surviving {{lang|pro|planhz}}.Élisabeth Schulze-Busacker, ‘La Complainte des morts dans la littérature occitane’ in Claude Sutto (ed.), Le Sentiment de la mort au moyen âge: Études présentées au Cinquième colloque de l'Institut d'études médiévales de l'Université de Montréal (Montréal: Aurore, 1979), 230–48. The earliest {{lang|pro|planh}} is that by Cercamon on the death of Duke William X of Aquitaine in 1137. The latest is an anonymous lament on the death of King Robert of Naples in 1343. The {{lang|pro|planh}} was regarded by contemporaries as a distinct genre and is mentioned in the {{lang|pro|Doctrina de compondre dictatz}} (1290s) and the {{lang|pro|Leys d'amors}} (1341).

Chronological table of {{lang|pro|planhz}}

The following table lists 45 {{lang|pro|planhz}}.

{{legend2|#E6E6AA|great person or patron|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#AACC99|other troubadour|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#CCEEFF|lady|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#FFB6B6|friend|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
Composer

!PCThe song's number in Alfred Pillet and Henry Carstens, Bibliographie der Troubadours (1933).

!Incipit (i.e. title)

!Date

!Mourned

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Cercamon

|112,2a

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/cercamon/cmn6.php Lo plaing comens iradamen]

|1137

|William X of Aquitaine

style="background:#AACC99"

|Giraut de Borneil

|242,65

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/giraut_de_bornelh/poem76.php S'anc jorn aqui joi e solaz]

|1173

|Raimbaut d'Aurenga

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Guillem de Berguedà

|210,9

|Cousiros chan e planh e plor

|1180

|Pons de Mataplana

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Bertran de Born ?

|80,26

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/bertran_de_born/poem48.php Si tuit li dol el plor el marrimen]

|1183

|Henry the Young King

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Bertran de Born

|80,41

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/bertran_de_born/poem15.php Mon chan fenisc el dol et ab maltraire]

|1183

|Henry the Young King

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Bertran de Born

|80,6a

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/bertran_de_born/poem31.php A totz dic qe ja mais non voil]

|1186

|Geoffrey of Brittany

style="background:#CCEEFF"

|Raimbaut de Vaqueiras

|392,4a

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/raimbaut_de_vaqueiras/raimbaut_de_vaqueiras_31.php Ar pren camgat per tostemps de xantar]

|c. 1190

|anonymous lady

style="background:#FFB6B6"

|Guilhem de Saint-Leidier

|234,15a

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/st_didier/gsd10.php Lo plus iraz remaing d'autres chatius]

|c. 1190

|Badoc

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Folquet de Marselha

|155,20

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/folquet/folma17.php Si com cel qu'es tan greujat]

|1192

|Barral of Marseille

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Gaucelm Faidit

|167,22

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/gaucelm_faidit/poem50.php Fortz causa es que tot lo major dan]

|1199

|Richard the Lion-Hearted

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Giraut de Borneil

|242,56

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/giraut_de_bornelh/poem77.php Planh e sospir e plor e chan]

|1199

|Aimar V of Limoges

style="background:#CCEEFF"

|Pons de Capduelh

|375,7

|De totz caitius sui eu aicel que plus

|????

|Azalais, wife of Ozil de Mercœur

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Guillem Augier Novella

|205,2

|Cascus plor e planh son damnatge

|1209

|Raymond Roger Trencavel

style="background:#CCEEFF"

|Lanfranc Cigala

|282,7

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/lanfranc_cigala/poem25.php Eu non chan ges pes talan de chantar]

|1210s

|Berlenda

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Giraut de Calanso

|243,6

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/guiraut/gucal11.php Bels senher Deus, quo pot esser sofritz]

|1211

|Ferdinand, infante of Castile

style="background:#CCEEFF"

|Gavaudan

|174,3

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/gavaudan/gavaudan03.php Crezens fis verais et entiers]

|1212

|his anonymous lady

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Aimeric de Peguilhan

|10,30

|Ja no cugei quem pogues oblidar

|1212

|Azzo VI of Este and Boniface of Verona

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Aimeric de Peguilhan

|10,48

|S'eu chantei alegres ni jauzens

|1212

|Azzo VI of Este and Boniface of Verona

style="background:#AACC99"

|Daude de Pradas

|124,4

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/daude_de_pradas/poem17.php Be deu esser solatz marritz]

|1220–30

|Uc Brunet

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Aimeric de Peguilhan

|10,10

|Ara par be que Valors se desfai

|1220

|Guglielmo Malaspina

style="background:#CCEEFF"

|Aimeric de Peguilhan

|10,22

|De tot en tot es ar de mi partitz

|????

|bona comtessa Biatritz

style="background:#AACC99"

|Sordel

|437,24

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/sordel/sg26.php Planher vol En Blacatz en aquest leugier so]

|1237

|Blacatz

style="background:#AACC99"

|Bertran d'Alamanon

|76,12

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/alamano/ba15.php Mout m'es greu d'En Sordel quar l'es faillitz sos sens]

|1237

|Blacatz

style="background:#AACC99"

|Peire Bremon Ricas Novas

|330,14

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/bremon/poem20.php Pus partit an lo cor En Sordel e'n Bertrans]

|1237

|Blacatz

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Aimeric de Belenoi

|9,1

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/aimeric_de_belenoi/aibel12.php Ailas, per que viu lonjamen ni dura]

|1242

|Nuño Sánchez

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Aimeric de Peguilhan ?

|10,1=330,1a

|Ab marrimen angoissos et ab plor

|1245

|Raymond Berengar IV of Provence

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Rigaut de Berbezilh attr.

|421,5a

|En chantan (ieu) plaing e sospir

|1245

|Raymond Berengar IV of Provence

style="background:#CCEEFF"

|Bonifaci Calvo

|102,12

|S'ieu ai perdut, no s'en podon jauzir

|1250–65

|his anonymous lady

style="background:#AACC99"

|Bertran Carbonel

|82,15

|S'ieu anc nulh tems chantei alegramen

|1252–65

|P. G. (prob. Peire Guilhem de Tolosa)

style="background:#AACC99"

|Pons Santolh

|380,1

|Marritz com hom malsabens ab frachura

|1260

|Guilhem de Montanhagol

style="background:#FFB6B6"

|Raimon Gaucelm

|401,7

|Cascus planh lo sieu damnatge

|1262

|Guiraut d'Alanhan, burgess of Béziers

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Anonymous

|461,234

|Totas honors e tug fag benestan

|1266

|Manfred of Sicily

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Bertolome Zorzi

|74,16

|Sil mons fondes a meravilha gran

|1268

|Conradin and Frederick I of Baden

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Paulet de Marselha

|319,7

|[http://trobar.org/troubadours/paulet_de_marselha/poem6.php Razos no nes que hom deja cantar]

|1268

|Barral of Baux

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Anonymous

|461,107

|En chantan m'aven a retraire

|1269

|Gregorio di Montelongo

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Guilhem d'Autpol ?

|206,2

|Fortz tristors es e salvatj'a retraire

|1270

|Louis IX of France

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Guiraut Riquier

|248,63

|Ples de tristor, marritz e doloiros

|1270

|Amalric IV of Narbonne

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Joan Esteve

|266,1

|Aissi quol malanans

|1270

|Amalric IV of Narbonne

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Mahieu de Quercy

|299,1

|Tan sui marritz que nom puesc alegrar

|1276

|James the Conqueror

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Cerverí de Girona

|434a,62

|Si per tristor per dol ni per cossire

|1276

|James the Conqueror

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Cerverí de Girona

|434,7e

|Joys ni solatz, pascors, abrils ni mais

|1276

|Raimon de Cardona

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Joan Esteve

|266,10

|Planhen ploran ab desplazer

|1289

|Guilhem de Lodeva

style="background:#FFB6B6"

|Raimon Menudet

|405,1

|Ab grans dolors et ab grans merrimens

|????

|Daude de Bossaguas

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Raimon de Cornet

| -

|Aras quan vey de bos homes fraytura

|1324

|Amanieu VII of Albret

style="background:#E6E6AA"

|Anonymous

|461,133b

|Glorios Dieus, don totz bens ha creysensa

|1343

|Robert the Peace-Maker

References

{{reflist}}

Further reading

  • Jeanroy, Alfred. {{lang|fr|La poésie lyrique des troubadours}}. Toulouse: Privat, 1934.

{{Western medieval lyric forms}}

Category:Western medieval lyric forms

Category:Occitan literary genres