Planococcus (bug)
{{Short description|Genus of bugs}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Planococcus_citri_2.jpg
|image_caption =Lab sample of planococcus citri
|taxon = Planococcus (bug)
|image_alt = Lab sample of planococcus citri
|authority = Ferris, 1950
}}
Planococcus is a genus of true bugs belonging to the family Pseudococcidae.{{cite web |title=Planococcus Ferris, 1950 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/2095382 |website=www.gbif.org |access-date=3 March 2021 |language=en}} The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution.{{cite journal |last1=Daane |first1=Kent M. |last2=Cooper |first2=Monica L. |last3=Triapitsyn |first3=Serguei V. |last4=Walton |first4=Vaughn M. |last5=Yokota |first5=Glenn Y. |last6=Haviland |first6=David R. |last7=Bentley |first7=Walt J. |last8=Godfrey |first8=Kris E. |last9=Wunderlich |first9=Lynn R. |year=2008 |title=Vineyard managers and researchers seek sustainable solutions for mealybugs, a changing pest complex |journal=California Agriculture |publisher=UC Agriculture and Natural Resources (UC ANR) |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=167–176 |doi=10.3733/ca.v062n04p167 |issn=0008-0845 |doi-access=free |s2cid=54928048}} A number of species are invasive agricultural pests.{{Cite web |title=Vine Mealybug |url=https://cisr.ucr.edu/invasive-species/vine-mealybug |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Center for Invasive Species Research |language=en}}
Species
{{Div col|colwidth=24em}}
- Planococcus aemulor
- Planococcus angkorensis
- Planococcus aphelus
- Planococcus bagmaticus
- Planococcus bendovi
- Planococcus boafoensis
- Planococcus cajani
- Planococcus citri
- Planococcus dendrobii
- Planococcus dioscoreae
- Planococcus dischidiae
- Planococcus dubius
- Planococcus epulus
- Planococcus ficus
- Planococcus flagellatus
- Planococcus fungicola
- Planococcus furcisetosus
- Planococcus halli
- Planococcus hosnyi
- Planococcus hospitus
- Planococcus indicus
- Planococcus japonicus
- Planococcus kenyae
- Planococcus kraunhiae
- Planococcus lilacinus
- Planococcus litchi
- Planococcus mali
- Planococcus martini
- Planococcus minor
- Planococcus musae
- Planococcus nigritulus
- Planococcus nilgiricus
- Planococcus orchidi
- Planococcus philippinensis
- Planococcus planococcoides
- Planococcus principe
- Planococcus psidii
- Planococcus radicum
- Planococcus subterraneus
- Planococcus sulawesi
- Planococcus taigae
- Planococcus tanzaniensis
- Planococcus tiomanensis
- Planococcus vovae
- Planococcus zairensis
{{Div col end}}
Species identification
Identification of mealybug species in the Planococcus genus has been difficult due to an unusually high amount of intraspecies morphological variation. In the 1980s, entomologist Jennifer Cox at the British Museum discovered that the offspring of a single female raised on the same host will develop differently based on environmental conditions. She showed that higher temperatures induced smaller specimens overall with fewer pores, shorter appendages, and shorter setae.{{Cite journal |last=COX |first=JENNIFER M. |date=October 1983 |title=An experimental study of morphological variation in mealybugs (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1983.tb00489.x |journal=Systematic Entomology |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=361–382 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3113.1983.tb00489.x |s2cid=85137903 |issn=0307-6970|url-access=subscription }} From Cox's experiments, the greatest number of tubular ducts in adult females was present at intermediate temperatures, whereas the smallest number were present when temperatures were higher or lower. Cox's work showed that the proposed species Planococcus citricus was in fact a warm temperature variant of Planococcus citri.{{Cite journal |last=COX |first=JENNIFER M. |date=January 1981 |title=Identification of Planococcus citri (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) and the description of a new species |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1981.tb00012.x |journal=Systematic Entomology |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=47–53 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3113.1981.tb00012.x |s2cid=84105579 |issn=0307-6970|url-access=subscription }} This created issues in the discrimination of species as these characteristics were among those used by Ezzat & McConnell in their treatment of Planococcus species in 1956.{{Cite journal |last1=Rung |first1=A. |last2=Scheffer |first2=S. J. |last3=Evans |first3=G. |last4=Miller |first4=D. |date=2008-05-01 |title=Molecular Identification of Two Closely Related Species of Mealybugs of the Genus <I>Planococcus</I> (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2008)101[525:miotcr]2.0.co;2 |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=525–532 |doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2008)101[525:miotcr]2.0.co;2 |s2cid=86189276 |issn=0013-8746|doi-access=free }} In 1989 Cox revised the genus and listed 35 species.{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=Jennifer M. |date=1989 |title=The mealybug genus Planococcus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). |url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19891132447 |journal=Bulletin of the British Museum |volume=58 |pages=1–78}} She also created a point-based system to distinguish between Planococcus minor and Planococcus citri based on a matrix of six characters, known as the 'Cox score'. However other morphologically similar species, such as Planococcus ficus and Planococcus halli, a single diagnostic characteristic was not identified. With the improvements in genotyping, efforts to develop different systems to distinguish between cryptic species of Planococcus are ongoing.