Plen-an-gwary
{{For|the hamlet in Redruth, Cornwall|Plain-an-Gwarry}}
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File:The green at st just in penwith cornwall.jpg.]]
A plen-an-gwarry or plain-an-gwary ({{langx|kw|Plen an Gwari}}), is a "playing-place" or round, a medieval amphitheatre found in Cornwall. A circular outdoor space used for plays, sports (especially Cornish wrestling),The Independent, 19 November 2000.A tramps visit to Gwennap Pit and Redruth fair, The Cornishman, 9 June 1881, p8. and public events, the plen-an-gwary was a Cornish variant of a construction style found across Great Britain. Formerly common across Cornwall, only two survive nearly complete today: the Plain in St Just in Penwith ({{coord|50.1245|-5.6807|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline|name=Plen an Gwari, St Just}}) and Saint Piran's Round near Perranporth ({{coord|50.3482|-5.1234|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline|name=Saint Piran's Round, Rose}}).[http://www.historic-cornwall.org.uk/a2m/medieval/plain_an_gwarry/st_just/st_just.htm St Just Plain-an-Gwarry.] Historic Cornwall. Retrieved 23 September 2012.[http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=428200 St Piran's Round.] English Heritage National Monuments. Retrieved 19 September 2012.[http://www.pastscape.org.uk/maps.aspx?a=0&hob_id=428200 St Piran's Round - map.] English Heritage National Monuments. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
The theatre area could be used for local gatherings, sports events, and production of plays. Cornwall culture had a type of play called miracle plays, written in the Cornish language, that were meant to spread Christianity. To capture the attention of the audience, "the plays were often noisy, bawdy and entertaining." The most important work of literature surviving from the Middle Cornish period is Ordinalia, a 9000-line religious verse drama which had probably reached its present form by 1400. The Ordinalia consists of three miracle plays, Origo Mundi, Passio Christi and Resurrexio Domini, meant to be performed on successive days. Such plays were performed in a plain-an-gwarry.
St Just-in-Penwith
St Just's plain-an-gwarry is a large circular space, encircled by a {{convert|2|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} wall of stone. There are two entries into the space. In November 1878 the ″Plane-an-Guare″ was restored under the guidance of several gentlemen including William Copeland Borlase. The outer wall was exposed and several loads of stone were brought up from Boscean.{{cite news|title=Restoring the Plane-an-Guare|work=The Cornishman|issue=17|date=14 November 1878|page=5}} By December 1878 the ″renewal″ of the outer wall was almost complete. The restoration was funded to provide relief for the unemployed due to the closure of local mines.{{cite news|title=The Plan-an-Guare at St Just|work=The Cornishman|issue=22|date=12 December 1878|page=4}} It is central to the celebrations of the annual Lafrowda Day festival.{{cite web|url=http://www.plenproject.com/|title=Welcome to the Plen Project|access-date=2015-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505153840/http://www.plenproject.com/|archive-date=2008-05-05|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.lafrowda-festival.co.uk/stjust|title=St. Just in Penwith}}
The plain-an-gwarry was used for Cornish wrestling tournaments in ancient and modern times.John Britton and Edward Wedlake Brayley :"The Beauties of England and Wales, Vol II", Vernon & Hood, 1801, p516.
Perran Round
Perran Round in the parish of Perranzabuloe, between Perranporth and Goonhavern is considered to be the best surviving example of a plen-an-gwary.
Cornish wrestling tournaments were held at Perran Round in ancient and modern times.Royal Cornwall Gazette, 26 July 1894.
Other sites
Plen-an-gwarys were largely confined to the west of Cornwall.{{cite journal |author1=D. Simon Evans |title=The Story of Cornish |journal=Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review |date=Autumn 1969 |volume=58 |issue=231 |pages=293-308 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30087876 |access-date=12 August 2021}} Depending on sources there are a possible 48 to 51 plen-an-gwarys including nine sites with extant remains and a further nineteen sites with no above-ground remains. The possible sites below are based on place-names.{{cite report|last1=Cole|first1=Richard|author-link1=Dick Cole (politician)|title=Perran Round, Perranzabuloe, Cornwall|date=2005|publisher=Cornwall County Council|page=8}}
- The Long Sentry field south-east of the church in St Mabyn, has been identified as the possible location of the most northerly Plain-an-gwarry.{{cite web |url= http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCO45318&resourceID=1020 |title=Heritage Gateway - Results |work=heritagegateway.org.uk |year=2014 |access-date=11 December 2014}}Church Terrier - 1613 - Cornwall Record Office Document ARD/TER/304
- There is evidence to suggest that Bartinney Castle near Sancreed in the Penwith Peninsula may have been an Iron Age Plen An Gwarry for the celebration of Celtic Fire festivals.Weatherhill, Craig. Belerion. (page 34) 1981. {{ISBN|0-906720-01-X}}
- Plain-an-Gwarry, Redruth which was documented as being used for Cornish wrestling tournaments.Royal Cornwall Gazette, July 1823.
- There is an area called Plain-an-Gwarry one mile to the north-east of Marazion.{{cite book|title=1:25000 Explorer 102 Land's End|date=1996|publisher=Ordnance Survey|location=Southampton|isbn=0 319 21816 3|edition=A1}}
- Site in the parish of Grade–Ruan approximately 200 m from Treleage farm ({{gbmapping|SW71531553}}){{cite web|title=Monument No 426711|url=http://www.pastscape.org/hob.aspx?hob_id=426711&sort=2&type=&rational=a&class1=None&period=None&county=1306805&district=None&parish=None&place=GRADE%20RUAN&recordsperpage=10&source=text&rtype=&rnumber=&p=15&move=n&nor=154&recfc=0|website=Pastscape|publisher=Historic England|access-date=20 December 2015}}.
- In circa 1587 it is recorded that in Penryn a group of Spaniards landed with the intention of sacking the town, however finding the streets deserted they were alarmed by a 'mighty shout' and ran to their boats. The townfolk were at a performance of 'Samson' and the gates of Gaza had just fallen, resulting in a deafening cheer.{{Cite book|last=Peter|first=Thurstan|year=1906|title=The Old Cornish Drama|publisher=Elliot Stock|page=19}}
Other possible sites where old documents and newspapers describe locations include:
- A site below Wendron churchtown is recorded as being used as a venue for Cornish wrestling.Cornishman, 21 October 1880.
- A site in Mellangoose which is recorded as being where the famous Cornish wrestler Captain Thomas Gundry regularly fought.The West Briton; Truro, 1 September 2016.
- At the base of Bodmin Beacon are the remains the wrestling ring which many believe was a plen an gwari.The Western Morning News, 16 September 2013.Cornish Guardian, 30 June 2010.Royal Cornwall Gazette, 25 July 1856.
Gallery
File:Field at Playing Place - geograph.org.uk - 1058901.jpg|Field at Playing Place, the site of the plain-an-gwarry that gave the village of Playing Place its name.
File:Plaque at Playing Place - geograph.org.uk - 1058923.jpg|Playing Place plaque that acknowledges the plain-an-gwarry for which the village was named. It specifically refers to performances about Saint Kea
File:Origo Mundi kynsa gwersow.jpg|The opening verses of Origo Mundi, the first play of the Ordinalia (the magnum opus of mediaeval Cornish literature), written by an unknown monk in the late 14th century
See also
{{Portal|Cornwall}}
References
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{GeoGroup}}
{{Cornish language}}