Plug-in electric vehicles in India
{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
The electric vehicle industry in India is slowly growing. The central and state governments have implemented schemes and incentives to promote electric mobility, and have introduced regulations and standards.
In 2015, the Department of Heavy Industry (DHI) launched FAME, or Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric vehicles,{{Cite web |title=Fame India Scheme |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1942506 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=pib.gov.in}} which is currently India's flagship scheme for promoting electric mobility,{{Cite web |title=National Level Policy |url=https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/national-level-policy}}
Although India would benefit from converting its transport from internal combustion (IC) engines to electric motors, challenges include a lack of charging infrastructure, high initial cost and a lack of renewable energy. E-commerce companies, car manufacturers, app-based transport network companies and mobility-solution providers have entered the sector, however, they are slowly building electric-car capacity and visibility.{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/miscellaneous/ola-readies-big-push-for-electric-vehicles/articleshow/58070227.cms|title=Ola readies big push for electric vehicles|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408052427/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/miscellaneous/ola-readies-big-push-for-electric-vehicles/articleshow/58070227.cms|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Marketers of Electric Vehicles in India|url=http://erickshawprice.com/|website=erickshawprice.com|access-date=25 March 2017|archive-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605095837/http://erickshawprice.com/|url-status=live}}
Standards
= Charging =
File:Chademo-combo2-iec-type-2-connectors-side-by-side.jpg-3 configuration AA, DC), Combo2 (IEC 62196-3 configuration FF, DC), and Type 2 (IEC 62196–2, AC). A common socket can be used for Type 2 (AC) and Combo 2 (DC).|upright=1.5]]
| class=wikitable sortable style="font-size:100%;text-align:center;"
|+Electric vehicle standards and specifications{{cite web |url=https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/standards-and-specifications |title=Standards and Specifications |publisher=Accelerated e-Mobility Revolution for India's Transportation |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808184816/https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/standards-and-specifications |url-status=live }} | ||||
| colspan=2 | Charging station | colspan=3 | Maximum | colspan=2 | Supported | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level | Type
! Voltage (V) | Current (A) | Power (kW)
! Vehicles | Connector(s) (preferred) |
| rowspan=2 | 1 | AC
| 240 || 16 || 3.5 | rowspan=2 | Light EV | |||
| DC
| 48–120 || 100 || 15 | Bharat DC-001 | ||||
| 2 | rowspan=2 | AC
|380–400 || 63 (3φ) / 70 (1φ) || 22 | rowspan=1 | 4w, 3w, 2w || Type 1, Type 2, GB/T, Bharat AC-001 | |||
| 3
| rowspan=2 | 200–1000 || || 4.3–22 | rowspan=2 | Cars and SUVs | ||||
| 4 | DC
| || 400 | Type 2, CHAdeMO, CCS1, CCS2 |
Indian Standard 17017 (IS 17017) is the governing standard in India, with parts and sections largely compatible with IEC 61851 and IEC 62196:{{cite report |url=https://www.team-bhp.com/forum/attachments/electric-cars/2198374d1629980042-electric-vehicle-ev-landscape-deep-dive-dst-report-ev-standards-aug2021.pdf |title=Report on Indian Standards for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure |date=August 2021 |publisher= |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808184901/https://www.team-bhp.com/forum/attachments/electric-cars/2198374d1629980042-electric-vehicle-ev-landscape-deep-dive-dst-report-ev-standards-aug2021.pdf |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/est2.261 |title=Standards for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in India: A Review |author1=Kumar K, Jeykishan |author2=Kumar, Sudhir R |author3=Nadakuma, V. S. |date=February 2022 |journal=Energy Storage |volume=4 |number=1|s2cid=237723287 }}
- Part 1 has basic features and general requirements
- Part 2 has connector standards:
- Part 2 § 1 is adapted from IEC 62196-1
- Part 2 § 2 is adapted from IEC 62196-2 for India
- Part 2 § 3 is adapted from IEC 62196-3
- Part 3 is adapted from IEC 61851-3 for light EVs
- Part 21, adapted from IEC 61851-21, has electromagnetic compatibility standards for charging units
- Part 23, adapted from IEC 61851-23, has requirements for DC EVSEs
- Part 24, adapted from IEC 61851-24, has communication requirements for DC EVSEs
Charging stations in India are classified as distributed or high-power, depending on the maximum power which can be supplied. Within these classifications are distinctions based on the current (alternating or direct current) and intended use:{{rp|12–13}}
| class=wikitable sortable style="font-size:100%; text-align:center" | ||
| Type
! Power (kW) | Level | Connector standard
! Notes |
|---|---|---|
| colspan=5 style="background:#ddd;" | Distributed charge points | ||
| AC Light EV
| rowspan=2 | 7 || rowspan=2 | 1 | IS-60309 | style="text-align:left;" | Includes low-cost AC charge points with a maximum of 3 kW using 220 VAC / 15 A supply line, target price {{₹|3500}} for two- and three-wheeled light vehicles | ||
| DC Light EV
| IS-17017-2-6 | style="text-align:left;" | Unique to India due to use of low-voltage (≤120V) traction batteries | ||
| AC Parkbay
| rowspan=2 | 11 (max 22) || rowspan=2 | 2 | IS-17017-2-2 | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| DC Parkbay
| IS-17017-2-3 | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| colspan=5 style="background:#ddd;" | High-power charge points | ||
| DC
| 50–250 || 3 | IS-17017-2-3 | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| Dual-gun
| rowspan=2 | 250–500 || rowspan=2 | 4 | IS-17017-2-3 | style="text-align:left;" | Uses dual CCS2 connectors | ||
| Automated pantograph
| IS-17017-3-2 | style="text-align:left;" | Based on SAE J3105-1 |
=={{anchor|AC charging}}AC==
IS:17017 specifies Bharat EV Charging standard AC001 for Level 1. It uses 15A, 230V, 3.3 kW, and an IEC 60309 connector. Electric vehicles can be charged with a regular 220V – 15A household supply that delivers about 2.5 kW of power. There is no policy or standard for at-home EV charging. Bharat EV specifications recommend the installation of a residual current circuit breaker to ensure safety and using an IEC 60309 industrial connector, but a three-pin 15A plug could also be used. For higher power AC charging (Levels 2 and 3, ~22 kW), Type 2 connectors are specified.{{cite web |url=https://www.pluginindia.com/blogs/bharat-ev-specifications-for-ac-and-dc-charging-everything-you-need-to-know |title=Bharat EV specifications for AC and DC charging |publisher=Pluginindia.com |date=2017-12-27 |access-date=2020-05-26 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919183929/https://www.pluginindia.com/blogs/bharat-ev-specifications-for-ac-and-dc-charging-everything-you-need-to-know |url-status=live }} The advantage of Type 2 connectors is their ability to use three-phase electric power.
=={{anchor|DC charging}}DC==
The public DC charging standard is DC 001 for Level 1, using custom GB/T for EV-EVSE communication over a CAN bus. It uses 200A, 15 kW, and a GB/T 20234.3 connector. Maximum DC output voltage is 100V. Cars using this standard include the Mahindra e-Varito, Mahindra e20 and Tata Moters e-Tigor.
IS:17017-1, published by the BIS in August 2018, recommends CCS-2 (Combined Charging System Combo 2) and CHAdeMO protocols for high-power Level 4 fast charging.{{cite web |url=https://www.team-bhp.com/news/ev-charging-station-guidelines-support-dual-platforms |title=EV charging station guidelines to support dual platforms |publisher=Team-BHP |date=2018-12-18 |access-date=2020-05-26 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218124029/https://www.team-bhp.com/news/ev-charging-station-guidelines-support-dual-platforms |url-status=live }} The advantage of CCS over CHAdeMO and GB/T is that it uses power-line communication (PLC) for EV-EVSE communication; CHAdeMO and GB/T use CAN. PLC allows secure, encrypted communications, and the link can support a higher data rate than CAN.{{cite web |title=Report of the committee on technical aspects of charging infrastructure for EVs |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/planning/rpm/ev_cea_report.pdf |publisher=Central Electricity Authority, Government of India |access-date=26 May 2020}}
=Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE)=
The IS:17017 standard published by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) covers general requirements and safety norms for EVSEs.{{cite web |title=A Guide to EV Charging and EV Standards in India • EVreporter |url=https://evreporter.com/guide-to-ev-charging-and-standards-in-india/ |website=EVreporter |access-date=26 May 2020 |date=13 September 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808064359/https://evreporter.com/guide-to-ev-charging-and-standards-in-india/ |url-status=live }}
=Central Management System (CMS)=
The Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) 1.5 or higher over the internet is required.{{cite web |title=Committee Report on Standardization of Public EV Chargers |url=https://dhi.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Standardization%20of%20protocol.pdf |publisher=Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323200553/https://dhi.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Standardization%20of%20protocol.pdf |url-status=live }}
Charging stations
The Indian government has defined public charging stations and EV charging businesses as de-licensed activity.{{cite web |title=Amendments in EV Charging Guidelines by Ministry of Power • EVreporter |url=https://evreporter.com/amendments-in-ev-charging-guidelines/ |website=EVreporter |access-date=26 May 2020 |date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928015541/https://evreporter.com/amendments-in-ev-charging-guidelines/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://india.uitp.org/articles/india-guidelines-and-standards-charging-infrastructure-for-electric-vehicles |title=Government Of India Released Guidelines And Standards For Charging Infrastructure | Uitp India |publisher=India.uitp.org |date=2018-12-14 |access-date=2020-05-26 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809060050/https://india.uitp.org/articles/india-guidelines-and-standards-charging-infrastructure-for-electric-vehicles |url-status=live }} It has been specified that each {{convert|3|by|3|km|adj=on}} area in cities must have at least one charging station, and one station every {{convert|25|km}} on both sides of highways. These guidelines were mandated in cities with populations of over four million and all expressways and major highways connecting those cities by 2022. The second phase (three to five years) will focus on large cities, such as state capitals and Union Territory headquarters.{{cite web |title=Charging infrastructure for EVs – Revised guidelines and standards |url=https://powermin.nic.in/sites/default/files/webform/notices/Charging_Infrastructure_for_Electric_Vehicles%20_Revised_Guidelines_Standards.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Power, Government of India |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918130413/https://powermin.nic.in/sites/default/files/webform/notices/Charging_Infrastructure_for_Electric_Vehicles%20_Revised_Guidelines_Standards.pdf |url-status=live }} Plugin India is an initiative to facilitate community charging stations,{{cite web|url=http://www.pluginindia.com/charging.html|title=Community Charging Stations|website=pluginindia.com|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913064646/http://www.pluginindia.com/charging.html|url-status=live}} and solar-powered charging points at fuel stations are planned.{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Charging-Ports-at-Fuel-Bunks-to-Make-e-Cars-Road-Smart/2016/01/03/article3209166.ece|title=Charging Ports at Fuel Bunks to Make e-Cars Road Smart|access-date=9 September 2016|work=The New Indian Express|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916153943/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Charging-Ports-at-Fuel-Bunks-to-Make-e-Cars-Road-Smart/2016/01/03/article3209166.ece|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://m.mydigitalfc.com/news/fuel-stations-may-be-rebranded-service-e-cars-509|title=Fuel stations may be rebranded service e-cars|access-date=9 September 2016|website=mydigitalfc.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916124010/http://m.mydigitalfc.com/news/fuel-stations-may-be-rebranded-service-e-cars-509|archive-date=16 September 2016|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.indiancarsbikes.in/cars/indian-government-plans-to-set-up-electric-car-charging-points-at-petrol-bunks-68547/|title=Indian Government plans to set up electric car charging points at petrol bunks|access-date=9 September 2016|website=indiancarsbikes.in|archive-date=17 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917070800/http://www.indiancarsbikes.in/cars/indian-government-plans-to-set-up-electric-car-charging-points-at-petrol-bunks-68547/|url-status=live}} Companies such as Tata Power, Fortum and Joulepoint are part of the electric-vehicle-charging sector. They have installed a variety of chargers, including rapid DC chargers and level 2 AC chargers, for applications such as public access, workplace charging, fleet charging, residential communities, malls, and highways.
The development of public charging infrastructure, particularly level 2 charging, is expected to be the greatest challenge to service integration. Standard charging time is six to eight hours, and cost and lack of renewable energy are issues for fast DC charging. Ten percent of required charging infrastructure is expected to consist of fast-charging stations, and the remainder will be level 2 public charging stations.{{cite web|url=https://enincon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Electric-Vehicle-Market-in-India-_Report-Summary.pdf|title=Electric Vehicle Market in India|access-date=18 January 2018|website=enincon.com|archive-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119120242/https://enincon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Electric-Vehicle-Market-in-India-_Report-Summary.pdf|url-status=live}} Ather Energy introduced Ather Grid, its charging infrastructure service, on 22 May 2018 in Bangalore; each charging station is known as a point. The service, available for all electric vehicles, has been deployed where Ather plans to introduce its electric scooter.{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Nishant |title=Ather Grid – A Citywide Electric Vehicle Charging Point By Ather Energy |url=https://www.techinfobit.com/ather-grid-a-citywide-electric-vehicle-charging-point-by-ather-energy/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=techinfoBiT |date=27 May 2018 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928171702/https://www.techinfobit.com/ather-grid-a-citywide-electric-vehicle-charging-point-by-ather-energy/ |url-status=live }}
Government policies
=Union=
Reiterating its commitment to the Paris Agreement, the government of India plans to make a major shift to electric vehicles by 2030.{{cite web|title=India Wants To Become First Country With 100 Percent Electric Vehicles|url=http://www.techtimes.com/articles/144670/20160328/india-wants-to-become-first-country-with-100-percent-electric-vehicles.htm|access-date=6 September 2016|website=techtimes.com|date=28 March 2016|archive-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914031705/http://www.techtimes.com/articles/144670/20160328/india-wants-to-become-first-country-with-100-percent-electric-vehicles.htm|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Germany and India Aim to Have All Cars Electric by 2030 (TSLA)|url=http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/061516/germany-and-india-aim-have-all-cars-electric-2030-tsla.asp|access-date=6 September 2016|website=investopedia.com|archive-date=17 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917101457/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/061516/germany-and-india-aim-have-all-cars-electric-2030-tsla.asp|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=India is planning to reach 100% electric vehicles by 2030|url=http://www.horizons.gc.ca/eng/content/india-planning-reach-100-electric-vehicles-2030|access-date=6 September 2016|website=horizons.gc.ca|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916145621/http://www.horizons.gc.ca/eng/content/india-planning-reach-100-electric-vehicles-2030|archive-date=16 September 2016|url-status=dead}} It outlined a two-pronged strategy for buyers and manufacturers, offering $1.4 billion in subsidies to buyers and increasing import tariffs to encourage the manufacture of electric vehicles by domestic companies.{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/meghabahree/2019/03/09/india-offers-1-4-billion-in-subsidies-to-support-the-domestic-electric-vehicle-industry/|title=India Offers $1.4 Billion In Subsidies To Support The Domestic Electric Vehicle Industry|last=Bahree|first=Megha|website=Forbes|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510042719/https://www.forbes.com/sites/meghabahree/2019/03/09/india-offers-1-4-billion-in-subsidies-to-support-the-domestic-electric-vehicle-industry/|url-status=live}} The government is focusing on electrifying public transportation with subsidies, primarily for two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and buses. It also earmarks $140 million for the development of charging infrastructure. On 14 December 2018, the government released an outline of standards and guidelines for EV charging infrastructure. In addition to specifications for charging infrastructure, the guidelines require a charging station for every {{convert|25|km}} of road or highway.{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/bjp-government-to-install-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-at-every-25-km-in-india-2040029.html|title=Government to Install Electric Vehicle Charging Stations at Every 25 Km in India|website=News18|date=18 February 2019|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510042733/https://www.news18.com/news/auto/bjp-government-to-install-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-at-every-25-km-in-india-2040029.html|url-status=live}} Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) is obtaining 10,000 electric vehicles for rent or sale to government departments.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
==National Electric Mobility Mission Plan, 2020 (NEMMP)==
This plan was introduced by the government of India in 2012 to increase national fuel security through the promotion of hybrid and electric vehicles.{{cite web |title=National Electric Mobility Mission: 2020 |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-electric-mobility-mission-2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130145338/https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-electric-mobility-mission-2020 |url-status=live }} India's auto industry contributes 22 percent to manufacturing GDP, a percentage expected to increase to 25 percent by 2022 with the new manufacturing policy.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=National Electric Mobility Mission Plan, 2020|url=https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/sites/default/files/National%20Electric%20Mobility%20Mission%20Plan%202020.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119102434/https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/sites/default/files/National%20Electric%20Mobility%20Mission%20Plan%202020.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=|website=}} The NEMMP aims for 30-percent EV penetration in India by 2030.{{Cite web|date=April 2021|title=UK-India Energy Opportunities|url=https://www.bridgeindia.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Bridge-India-UK-India-Energy-Report-2021.pdf|url-status=live|website=Bridge India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505205035/https://www.bridgeindia.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Bridge-India-UK-India-Energy-Report-2021.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2021 }}
==Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric vehicles (FAME)==
The government began a Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of hybrid and Electric vehicles (FAME) scheme, which provides incentives for purchasing electric vehicles.{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/industry/fame-india-scheme-launched-to-offer-sops-on-hybrid-e-vehicles/articleshow/46853934.cms|title=FAME-India scheme launched to offer sops on hybrid, e-vehicles|website=Economic Times|access-date=19 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222062705/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/industry/fame-india-scheme-launched-to-offer-sops-on-hybrid-e-vehicles/articleshow/46853934.cms|url-status=live}} Phase I of the scheme was from 2015 to 2019;{{cite web |title=FAME India scheme – MANIFEST IAS |date=31 July 2019 |url=https://www.manifestias.com/2019/07/31/fame-india-scheme-2/ |access-date=26 May 2020}} Phase II began in 2019, and was planned for completion in 2022.{{cite web |url=https://dhi.nic.in/UserView/index?mid=1378 |title=FAME INDIA II Scheme.. : Department of Heavy Industry, Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises, Government of India |publisher=Dhi.nic.in |date=2020-05-04 |access-date=2020-05-26 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805214709/https://www.dhi.nic.in/UserView/index?mid=1378 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://fame2.heavyindustry.gov.in/ |title=National Automotive Board (NAB) |publisher=Fame2.heavyindustry.gov.in |access-date=2020-05-26 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512063603/https://fame2.heavyindustry.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}
The government is releasing tenders to increase charging infrastructure nationwide.{{cite web|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/electric-vehicles-charging-stations-ncr/|title=Govt. Invites Tenders For 10,000 Electric Vehicles & 4,000 Charging Stations In NCR|website=Inc42|date=9 September 2017|access-date=19 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052124/https://inc42.com/buzz/electric-vehicles-charging-stations-ncr/|url-status=live}} The scheme offers incentives for electric and hybrid vehicles ranging from {{INR|1,800|link=yes}} to {{INR}}29,000 for scooters and motorcycles and {{INR}}1.38 lakh for cars. FAME is a part of the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan.{{cite news|title=FAME India Scheme launched to offer sops on hybrid, e-vehicles|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/industry/fame-india-scheme-launched-to-offer-sops-on-hybrid-e-vehicles/articleshow/46853934.cms|publisher=Economic Times|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730140503/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/industry/fame-india-scheme-launched-to-offer-sops-on-hybrid-e-vehicles/articleshow/46853934.cms|url-status=live}}
== Go Electric campaign ==
The government introduced its Go Electric campaign in early 2021 to encourage the adoption of electric mobility vehicles and electric cooking appliances and to ensure energy security. Road Transport and Highways Minister Nitin Gadkari launched the campaign, saying that Go Electric is a future for India which will promote low-cost, environmentally friendly, indigenous electrical products. Gadkari expressed concern about the cost of importing fossil fuels, and called {{CO2}} emissions from transportation vehicles are a major challenge. The country must encourage the use of vehicles using alternative fuels such as electric batteries, compressed natural gas and biofuels.{{cite web|url=https://renewableenergy2050.com/news/ev-news/go-electric-campaign-launched-in-india-to-give-a-boost-to-electric-vehicles/|title=Go Electric Campaign Launched in India to give a boost to electric vehicles|access-date=26 February 2021|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226002452/https://renewableenergy2050.com/news/ev-news/go-electric-campaign-launched-in-india-to-give-a-boost-to-electric-vehicles/|url-status=live}} The government waived registration fees for EVs, and urged the states to give tax breaks.{{Cite web|date=2021-06-01|title=Government to waive registration fee for EVs, will persuade states also to give tax breaks|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/government-to-waive-registration-fee-for-evs-will-persuade-states-also-to-give-tax-breaks/69642918|access-date=2021-06-01|website=indiatimes.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215816/https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/government-to-waive-registration-fee-for-evs-will-persuade-states-also-to-give-tax-breaks/69642918|url-status=live}}
=Delhi=
In 2019 the Delhi government approved 1,000 low-floor AC electric buses to be used in the union territory's public-transport system.{{cite web|url=https://aamaadmiparty.org/delhigovt-pr2-03-2019/|title=Cabinet approves engagement of 1,000 Low Floor AC pure electric buses – Aam Aadmi Party|date=2 March 2019|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510042725/https://aamaadmiparty.org/delhigovt-pr2-03-2019/|url-status=live}} The buses have CCTV, an automatic vehicle tracking system (AVTS), panic buttons and panic alarms. The government subsidy is {{INR}}75 lakh or 60 percent of the cost of the bus, whichever is less. {{As of|2022|08|24|post=,|alt=By}} Delhi had 249 electric buses on the road.{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=Delhi adds 97 more electric buses delivered by Tata Motors to its fleet |url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/electric-vehicles/delhi-adds-97-more-electric-buses-delivered-by-tata-motors-to-its-fleet-41661325430980.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913061006/https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/electric-vehicles/delhi-adds-97-more-electric-buses-delivered-by-tata-motors-to-its-fleet-41661325430980.html |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=HT Auto}} The Delhi-based startup Park+ plans to set up 10,000 chargers by 2024 in the Delhi NCR.{{Cite web|url=https://www.bisinfotech.com/amit-lakhotia-founder-ceo-park-talks-with-bisinfotech-magazine/|title=Amit Lakhotia, Founder & CEO, Park+ Talks with BISinfotech Magazine|date=15 September 2022|access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915104203/https://www.bisinfotech.com/amit-lakhotia-founder-ceo-park-talks-with-bisinfotech-magazine/|url-status=live}} Delhi Transport Minister Kailash Gahlot tweeted that the Delhi government would continue its EV policy in 2023.{{cite web |title=Electric Vehicle Incentives |url=https://evehiclegyan.in/delhi-electric-vehicle-policy-continues-in-2023/ |website=Evehiclegyan |date=8 August 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |language=Hindi}}
=Tamil Nadu=
Tamil Nadu chief minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami introduced Mauto Electric Mobility's electric auto rickshaws, reportedly India's first retrofitted electric autos, in 2019. The Dubai-based KMC Group and Mauto Electric Mobility will convert petrol-powered auto rickshaws into electric vehicles with an investment of {{INR}}100 crore and create 5,000 jobs. The companies signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) during Palaniswami's stopover in Dubai on his three-nation trip in September.{{Year needed|date=September 2023}}
"The driving range per full charge of three hours will be {{convert|100|km}}. The aim is to introduce 4,000 electric rickshaws in the city, 100 by a month to reduce air pollution to a large extent. The autos are fitted with CCTV surveillance, panic button and television. It is highly safe for children going to school and women", said Mansoor Ali Khan, chair of the Mauto group of companies. Mansoor, chief executive officer of the MAuto Group, said that petrol-driven auto rickshaws cost {{INR}}350–{{INR}}400 per 100 km, and their electric counterparts cost {{INR}}40. "The retrofitting of auto rickshaws will cost only {{INR}}1.2 to {{INR}}1.5 lakh. We are ready to convert vehicles registered after 2000", he added. The company is planning to set up charging stations in each of Chennai's ten zones. Charging on the go will be possible with a mobile app.{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/100-e-autos-mostly-driven-by-women-to-hit-roads-soon/articleshow/72300486.cms|title=Chennai Electric Auto: 100 electric-autorickshaws mostly driven by women to hit roads soon in Chennai | Chennai News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=30 November 2019 |access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810164231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/100-e-autos-mostly-driven-by-women-to-hit-roads-soon/articleshow/72300486.cms|url-status=live}}
=Karnataka=
Karnataka approved the Electric Vehicle and Energy Storage Policy 2017,{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/OGlNsvEfSXYH4LUiZgkURO/Karnataka-govt-approves-electric-vehicle-policy-to-reduce-de.html|title=Karnataka govt approves electric vehicle policy to reduce dependency on fossil fuels|website=Livemint|date=14 September 2017|access-date=19 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051246/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/OGlNsvEfSXYH4LUiZgkURO/Karnataka-govt-approves-electric-vehicle-policy-to-reduce-de.html|url-status=live}} which aims to attract investment of {{INR}}310 billion and create about 55,000 jobs. The union government has announced its vision to make India an all-electric-vehicle market by 2031 to reduce the country's dependence on fossil fuels and reduce its carbon footprint.
=Maharashtra=
The Maharashtra government is focusing on increasing EV use in the state by proposing an EV road-tax exemption and a 15-percent subsidy for the first 10,000 EVs registered in the state. To improve infrastructure, the government proposed a maximum subsidy of {{INR}}1 million (~$15,549) per charging station for the first 250 stations set up in the state.{{cite web|url=http://www.eai.in/blog/2018/12/highlights-of-maharashtra-ev-policy-2018.html|title=Highlights of Maharashtra EV Policy (2018) – Incentives, Subsidies, Exemptions of Electric Vehicle Policy {{!}} India Renewable Energy Consulting – Solar, Biomass, Wind, Cleantech|website=eai.in|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510042720/http://www.eai.in/blog/2018/12/highlights-of-maharashtra-ev-policy-2018.html|url-status=live}}
=Uttar Pradesh=
Uttar Pradesh is actively advancing its electric vehicle (EV) industry through strategic policies and substantial investments. The state's "Electric Vehicle Manufacturing and Mobility Policy 2022" aims to transition the transportation sector towards electric mobility and establish UP as a manufacturing hub for EVs and ancillary equipment.
Under this policy, the UP govenment offers subsidies to encourage EV adoption: ₹5,000 for two-wheelers, up to ₹12,000 for three-wheelers, and up to ₹1 lakh for electric cars. Additionally, the policy provides a 100% waiver on road tax and registration fees for EVs purchased within the state.
In terms of market share, Uttar Pradesh leads the nation, accounting for over 14% of India's EV market in 2023. The state has dominated the three-wheeler segment, with more than 40% of electric three-wheelers in the country. In the fourth quarter of FY 2023-24, UP recorded approximately 83,154 EV sales, representing 16.07% of India's total EV sales.
To support the growing number of EVs, the state is expanding its charging infrastructure. Under the FAME II scheme, 207 charging stations are being installed in nine cities of the state: Noida, Lucknow, Varanasi, Prayagraj, Kanpur, Aligarh, Saharanpur, Bareilly, and Jhansi.
Furthermore, the UP govenment has identified over 2,000 acres of land in various industrial areas for the development of EV manufacturing units, aiming to attract investments and generate employment. The policy also targets the rollout of 1 million EVs across segments by December 2024 and the deployment of 1,000 electric buses by December 2030.
=Uttarakhand=
In 2018, the Uttarakhand government introduced a scheme to promote the manufacture and use of EVs.{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-cabinet-nod-to-new-electric-vehicle-manufacturing-policy-to-combat-pollution/story-KA3Z5h6fDfL3QZujUrPGKJ.html|title=Uttarakhand cabinet nod to new electric vehicle manufacturing policy to combat pollution|date=2018-09-28|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510042719/https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-cabinet-nod-to-new-electric-vehicle-manufacturing-policy-to-combat-pollution/story-KA3Z5h6fDfL3QZujUrPGKJ.html|url-status=live}} The scheme would provide companies with loans ranging from {{INR}}100 million and {{INR}}500 million to build EVs and charging infrastructure, and would exempt the first 10,000 EV purchasers from motor tax for five years.
= Gujarat =
The Gujarat government is committed to reducing its carbon footprint by {{lakh|6}} tons per year by decreasing pollution from the burning of fossil fuels. EV purchasers are eligible for subsidies of up to {{INR}}20,000 for two-wheelers, {{INR}}50,000 for three-wheelers, and {{INR}}{{lakh|1.5}} for four-wheelers.{{Cite web |title=Gujarat witnesses over 950% rise in EV sales |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/electric-vehicles/gujarat-witnesses-over-950-rise-in-ev-sales/2470035/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Financialexpress |date=24 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330124514/https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/electric-vehicles/gujarat-witnesses-over-950-rise-in-ev-sales/2470035/ |url-status=live }} Capital for infrastructure is being offered to set up charging stations in the state; 280 charging stations were set up across Gujarat after the EV policy was announced, and 250 more are planned.{{Cite web |title=Gujarat witnesses 950% rise in EV sales |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/express-mobility/vehicles/2-wheelers/gujarat-witnesses-950-rise-in-ev-sales/2469915/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Financialexpress |date=23 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330124515/https://www.financialexpress.com/express-mobility/vehicles/2-wheelers/gujarat-witnesses-950-rise-in-ev-sales/2469915/ |url-status=live }}
Advantages
Electric vehicles are three to five times more efficient than internal-combustion vehicles in utilising energy. If electric vehicles run on electricity produced from fossil fuels, their overall efficiency remains higher and their pollution is less; large thermal power plants are more efficient than IC engines, and it is easier to control emissions from power plants than from vehicle engines. Electric vehicles save energy by regenerative braking. Thirty to seventy percent of the energy used for propulsion can be recovered, with higher percentages in stop-and-go city driving.{{cite book |last1=Martins |first1=L. a. S. B. |last2=Brito |first2=J. M. O. |last3=Rocha |first3=A. M. D. |last4=Martins |first4=J. J. G. |title=Proceedings of the ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. Volume 6: Emerging Technologies: Alternative Energy Systems; Energy Systems: Analysis, Thermodynamics and Sustainability |chapter=Regenerative Braking Potential and Energy Simulations for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Under Real Driving Conditions |date=8 July 2010 |pages=525–532 |doi=10.1115/IMECE2009-13077 |chapter-url=https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/IMECE/proceedings-abstract/IMECE2009/43796/525/343650 |publisher=American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection |isbn=978-0-7918-4379-6 |language=en |access-date=28 May 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418131438/https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/IMECE/proceedings-abstract/IMECE2009/43796/525/343650 |url-status=live }}
Air-quality indices in India{{cite web|url=http://www.cpcb.gov.in/CAAQM/mapPage/frmdelhi.aspx?stateID=6|title=::CPCB-Control Pollution Board::|website=cpcb.gov.in|access-date=17 January 2017|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118211016/http://www.cpcb.gov.in/CAAQM/mapPage/frmdelhi.aspx?stateID=6|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=http://safar.tropmet.res.in/|title=SAFAR – India|website=safar.tropmet.res.in|access-date=17 January 2017|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005054220/http://safar.tropmet.res.in/|url-status=live}} show that the air in many cities is no longer healthy, with automobile-related pollution a cause. Climate change requires a shift to automotive solutions which reduce or eliminate greenhouse gas emissions. If electric vehicles run on electricity produced from non-polluting sources of energy such as hydro, solar, wind, tidal and nuclear, their emissions are reduced almost to zero. India's crude-oil imports for 2014–15 were {{$|USD|lk=on}}112 billion{{cite web |url=http://ppac.org.in/WriteReadData/Reports/201702200529123667922SnapshotofIndia%27sOilandGasdata_January2017.pdf |title=Ready Reckoner |date=2017 |website=ppac.org.in |access-date=2020-11-23 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110184519/http://ppac.org.in/WriteReadData/Reports/201702200529123667922SnapshotofIndia%27sOilandGasdata_January2017.pdf |url-status=live }} (about {{INR}}7 trillion). For comparison, the allocation for the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in the 2017–18 budget was {{INR}}480 billion.{{cite web |url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2017-18/bh/bh1.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215062918/http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2017-18/bh/bh1.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}
India can become a global provider for sustainable transport and processes which are affordable and scalable. Residents of some Indian cities are affected by noise pollution;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cpcbenvis.nic.in/noise_quality_data.html|title=CPCB ENVIS | Control of Pollution|website=www.cpcbenvis.nic.in|access-date=29 December 2017|archive-date=29 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229172103/http://www.cpcbenvis.nic.in/noise_quality_data.html|url-status=live}} some Indian cities have the world's highest noise-pollution levels.{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/not-just-air-level-of-noise-pollution-in-delhi-is-also-deadly-study-57273|title=Not just air, level of noise pollution in Delhi is also deadly: study|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126050008/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/not-just-air-level-of-noise-pollution-in-delhi-is-also-deadly-study-57273|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=noise-neither-safe-nor-sound§ion_url_key=columnists|title=The Pioneer|website=dailypioneer.com|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-date=4 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304041121/http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=noise-neither-safe-nor-sound§ion_url_key=columnists|url-status=live}} Electric vehicles are quieter, and may help reduce urban noise pollution.{{cite web|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2016/06/05/will-electric-cars-make-traffic-quieter-yes-no/|title=Will Electric Cars Make Traffic Quieter? Yes & No|website=cleantechnica.com|date=5 June 2016 |access-date=3 March 2017|archive-date=4 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304035643/https://cleantechnica.com/2016/06/05/will-electric-cars-make-traffic-quieter-yes-no/|url-status=live}}
Energy efficiency and emission reduction have improved in automobiles, but the increase in the number of vehicles on the road negates these gains; energy-efficiency and pollution-control measures did not keep pace with sales growth. The total number of vehicles registered in India was 5.4 million in 1981,{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/664729/total-number-of-vehicles-india/|title=India – total number of vehicles 2015 – Statistic|website=Statista|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-date=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416044734/https://www.statista.com/statistics/664729/total-number-of-vehicles-india/|url-status=live}} 11 million in 1986,{{cite web|url=http://delhigovt.nic.in/newdelhi/dept/economic/env/chapter4.htm|title=Government of Delhi : Government Department|website=delhigovt.nic.in|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416182357/http://delhigovt.nic.in/newdelhi/dept/economic/env/chapter4.htm|archive-date=16 April 2009|url-status=dead}} 33 million in 1996, 40 million in 2000{{cite web|url=http://iipsenvis.nic.in/Newsletters/vol1no3/Nagdeve.htm|title=IIPS-Envis Center on Environment and Population|website=iipsenvis.nic.in|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022060147/http://iipsenvis.nic.in/Newsletters/vol1no3/Nagdeve.htm|archive-date=22 October 2016|url-status=dead}} and 210 million in 2015. The total number of vehicles sold in India increased from 15,481,381 in 2010–11 to 20,469,385 in 2015–16.{{cite web|url=http://www.siamindia.com/statistics.aspx?mpgid=8&pgidtrail=14|title=Domestic sales trends|website=siamindia.com|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502061107/http://www.siamindia.com/statistics.aspx?mpgid=8&pgidtrail=14|url-status=live}}
With smart charging, electric vehicles can help balance supply variations in the electricity grid and provide a buffer against electricity-supply failures. Electric vehicles have fewer moving parts than vehicles with IC engines, and are cheaper and easier to maintain.{{cite web |title=Benefits Of Electric Cars |url=https://www.ergon.com.au/network/smarter-energy/electric-vehicles/benefits-of-electric-vehicles |website=Ergon Energy |access-date=28 May 2020 |language=en |date=25 August 2015 |archive-date=16 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416153454/https://www.ergon.com.au/network/smarter-energy/electric-vehicles/benefits-of-electric-vehicles |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=The benefits of owning an electric car |url=https://www.goultralow.com/ev-owners/benefits/ |website=Go Ultra Low |access-date=28 May 2020 |archive-date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318172929/https://www.goultralow.com/ev-owners/benefits/ |url-status=live }} Electric motors can deliver high torque at low speeds, performing better in acceleration and on slopes than IC-engine-powered vehicles.{{cite web |title=The Benefits of Electric Cars |url=https://pod-point.com/guides/driver/benefits-of-electric-cars |website=Pod Point |access-date=28 May 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809201928/https://pod-point.com/guides/driver/benefits-of-electric-cars |url-status=live }}
Disadvantages
The cost of EVs is high, primarily due to the cost of lithium-ion batteries. The battery packs are imported, and cost about $275/KWh in India. This, combined with the GST of 18% and the lack of lithium in India, further increases the cost of batteries.{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@an223c/trends-challenges-and-future-for-electric-vehicles-in-india-b6191f4a70b6|title=Electric Vehicles in India: The Trends, challenges and future.|last=Chauhan|first=Ankit|date=2018-06-12|website=Medium|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510042721/https://medium.com/@an223c/trends-challenges-and-future-for-electric-vehicles-in-india-b6191f4a70b6|url-status=live}} The charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in India has not been fully developed.{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/randd.html|title=Electric Vehicle Charging stations, CEA monthly report|access-date=18 July 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718091313/http://www.cea.nic.in/randd.html|url-status=live}} Electricity in India is primarily produced by burning coal, which produces a large amount of greenhouse emissions. With the introduction of EVs and charging infrastructure, electricity demand will increase; introducing EVs to reduce GHG emissions would be ineffective if the electricity was produced by burning coal. India's indebted distribution companies cannot meet the country's energy requirements as it is.Ali, Mohd. Sahil; Tongia, Rahul (2018). “Electrifying Mobility in India: Future prospects for the electric and EV ecosystem”, Brookings India IMPACT Series No. 052018. May 2018. [https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/20180528_impact-series_ev_web.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510042719/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/20180528_impact-series_ev_web.pdf|date=10 May 2019}}
Fast charging stations are charging nearly Rs 25 per kWh to cover the investment and running costs which would not offer any benefit over ICE vehicles in terms of life cycle cost of the vehicle except surface air pollution reduction.