Pluralibacter gergoviae
{{Short description|Species of bacterium}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| genus = Pluralibacter
| species = gergoviae
| authority = Brenner et al. 1980
| synonyms = Enterobacter gergoviae
}}
Pluralibacter gergoviae (formerly Enterobacter gergoviae) is a Gram-negative, motile, facultatively-anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium.{{cite journal |last1=Brenner |first1=D. J. |last2=Richard |first2=C. |last3=Steigerwalt |first3=A. G. |last4=Asbury |first4=M. A. |last5=Mandel |first5=M. |title=Enterobacter gergoviae sp. nov.: a New Species of Enterobacteriaceae Found in Clinical Specimens and the Environment |journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology |date=1 January 1980 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1099/00207713-30-1-1|doi-access=free }} P. gergoviae is of special interest to the cosmetics industry, as it displays resistance to parabens, a common antimicrobial agent added to cosmetic products.{{cite journal |last1=Davin-Regli |first1=A. |last2=Chollet |first2=R. |last3=Bredin |first3=J. |last4=Chevalier |first4=J. |last5=Lepine |first5=F. |last6=Pagès |first6=J. M. |title=Enterobacter gergoviae and the prevalence of efflux in parabens resistance |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |date=1 April 2006 |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=757–760 |doi=10.1093/jac/dkl023|pmid=16473920 |doi-access= }}
Background
Enterobacter gergoviae was first proposed as a novel species in 1980. The species name is derived from the Gergovie plateau, which is located near Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital; the type strain was isolated at this hospital during a nosocomial outbreak of P. gergoviae. In 2013, the species was reclassified into the novel genus, Pluralibacter, and is the type species for the genus.
Pluralibacter gergoviae has been isolated from maize, grapes, coffee beans, spring water, fruit flies, and pink bollworms.{{cite journal |last1=Périamé |first1=M. |last2=Pagès |first2=J.-M. |last3=Davin-Regli |first3=A. |title=Enterobacter gergoviae adaptation to preservatives commonly used in cosmetic industry |journal=International Journal of Cosmetic Science |date=August 2014 |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=386–395 |doi=10.1111/ics.12140|pmid=24828151 |s2cid=12506464 }} It is an uncommon human pathogen, most commonly as an opportunistic nosocomial infection. One hospital in Spain reported the organism to represent 0.4% of clinical Enterobacter isolates. Risk factors include prolonged hospital stays, "immunosuppression, the presence of a foreign device, prior use of anti-microbial agents in the patient involved, and extremes of age."{{cite journal |last1=Ganeswire |first1=R. |last2=Thong |first2=K.L. |last3=Puthucheary |first3=S.D. |title=Nosocomial outbreak of Enterobacter gergoviae bacteraemia in a neonatal intensive care unit |journal=Journal of Hospital Infection |date=April 2003 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=292–296 |doi=10.1053/jhin.2002.1371|pmid=12660126 }} In the cosmetic industry, P. gergoviae has been implicated in recalls of eye cream, children's shampoo, skin cream, hand cleaning paste,{{cite journal |last1=Neza |first1=Edlira |last2=Centini |first2=Marisanna |title=Microbiologically Contaminated and Over-Preserved Cosmetic Products According Rapex 2008–2014 |journal=Cosmetics |date=30 January 2016 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=3 |doi=10.3390/cosmetics3010003|doi-access=free |hdl=11365/1009813 |hdl-access=free }} and cleansing wipes.{{cite web | url=https://www.cottonelle.com/en-us/recallfaq | title=Product Recall | Cottonelle® }}
Pluralibacter gergoviae is resistant to penicillins (specifically benzylpenicillin, oxacillin), macrolides (with the exception of azithromycin), lincosamides (specifically lincomycin and clindamycin), streptogramins, rifampicin, fusidic acid, and fosfomycin.{{cite journal |last1=Stock |first1=I. |last2=Wiedemann |first2=B. |title=Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Enterobacter amnigenus, Enterobacter cancerogenus, Enterobacter gergoviae and Enterobacter sakazakii strains |journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection |date=September 2002 |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=564–578 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00413.x|pmid=12427217 |doi-access=free }} P. gergoviae is also resistant to cefoxitin, likely due to β-lactamase production.