Plushcap

{{speciesbox

| image = Plush-capped Finch - Colombia S4E1689 (22623276893).jpg

| status = LC

| status_system = IUCN3.1

| status_ref = {{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=Catamblyrhynchus diadema |volume=2018 |page=e.T22723021A132020713 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22723021A132020713.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}

| genus = Catamblyrhynchus

| parent_authority = Lafresnaye, 1842

| species = diadema

| authority = Lafresnaye, 1842

| synonyms =

| range_map = Catamblyrhynchus diadema map.svg

}}

The plushcap (Catamblyrhynchus diadema) is a species of bird in the tanager family Thraupidae and it is the only member of the genus Catamblyrhynchus.

The plushcap is one of the most distinctive of all Neotropical passerines in both its appearance and behavior. The plushcap was in its own family until recently when it was grouped with the tanagers. The bill is broad and black. The body is a chestnut color with a bright golden-yellow forecrown. The forecrown is made up of stiff feathers. It has been speculated that these short, dense feathers are less susceptible to feather wear and more resistant to moisture than typical feathers. This may be an adaptation for its specialized feeding mode, in which it probes into dense whorls of bamboo for its prey items (Hilty et al. 1979). They are found at high elevations from northern Venezuela south to Argentina, including the coastal mountains of Venezuela and the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and extreme northwestern Argentina. They live in montane forests and secondary forests near bamboo. They forage for insects inside the bamboo. They will eat small insects, berries, and small plant matter.

The bird is very distinct and is not confused with many other birds. It stands out from the other tanagers, only possibly being confused with the golden-crowned tanager despite the golden-crowned tanager being blue.

Its natural habitat is humid montane forests and it is always found in close association with Chusquea bamboo. It is typically found at elevations between 1,800 and 3,500 m.

File:Plushcap Front View.jpg]]

Taxonomy

The plushcap was formally described in 1842 by the French ornithologist Frédéric de Lafresnaye from a specimen collected in Colombia. Lafresnaye introduced a new genus Catamblyrhynchus and coined the binomial name Catamblyrhynchus diadema.{{ cite journal | last=de Lafresnaye | first=Frédéric | author-link=Frédéric de Lafresnaye | year=1842 | title=Description de quelques oiseaux nouveaux de Colombie | journal=Revue Zoologique | volume=5 | pages=301–302 [301] | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14714832 }} The genus name combines the Ancient Greek katambluoō meaning "to blunt" and rhunkhos meaning "bill". The specific epithet is from the Latin diadema which in turn comes from the Ancient Greek diadēma meaning "royal head-dress".{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=94, 134 }} The type locality is Bogotá in Colombia.{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1970 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=13 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=215 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483450 }} The plushcap was at one time placed in the family Emberizidae but molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that it belongs in the tanager family Thraupidae.{{cite journal| last1=Burns | first1=K.J. | last2=Shultz | first2=A.J. | last3=Title | first3=P.O. | last4=Mason | first4=N.A. | last5=Barker | first5=F.K. | last6=Klicka | first6=J. | last7=Lanyon | first7=S.M. | last8=Lovette | first8=I.J. | year= 2014 | title=Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution| volume=75| pages=41–77 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006 | pmid=24583021 | url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3613&context=biosci_pubs | url-access=subscription }}

Three subspecies are recognised:{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2020 | title=Tanagers and allies | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/tanagers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=15 October 2020 }}

C. d. federalis Phelps & Phelps Jr, 1953 – north Venezuela
C. d. diadema Lafresnaye, 1842 – north Colombia and northwest Venezuela to south Ecuador
C. d. citrinifrons Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 – Peru, Bolivia and northwest Argentina

Description

The plushcap is about {{convert|14|cm|in|abbr=on|lk=on}} long and males weigh on average {{convert|14.9|g|oz|abbr=on|lk=on}} and females {{convert|13.4|g|oz|abbr=on|lk=off}}. It has a chestnut body and a golden-yellow forecrown (the plush part of the name). From its nape to its wings, it is black. The males and females look similar but the males are slightly larger than the females. Juveniles are just duller versions of their parents.

The subspecies C. d. citrinifrons is found in Peru and has a paler cap while C. d. federalis is found in coastal Venezuela and is brighter than C. d. diadema.

File:Plushcap Close Up.jpg]]

=Vocalizations=

While the plushcap is usually quiet, when it does vocalize it has a long series of chirps and twitters.

Distribution and habitat

Plushcaps prefer to live in montane forest or secondary woodland by Chusquea bamboo which they use to find food. They stay at high elevation, between {{convert|2300|-|3500|m|ft|abbr=on|lk=on}}.

Diet

The diet consists of small insects, berries, and plant material, and they typically forage in small groups within mixed species flocks of wide diversity. The plushcap looks for insects by probing and pushing its bill into the stems and leaf nodes of the bamboo and prying them open. They also forage by running their bill along the stems of bamboo with a series of tiny biting motions. Plushcaps will often hang upside down while searching for the insects.

Conservation status

Plushcaps are considered of least concern due to their wide range in South America but it is thought that the number of individuals is declining. They tend to be common in their range.

References

{{reflist|refs=

{{Cite journal |url=https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/plushc1/overview |title=Plushcap (Catamblyrhynchus diadema) |last1=Salinas |first1=A. |last2=Burns |first2=K. J. |date=2010-09-22 |editor-last=Schulenberg |editor-first=T. S. |journal=Neotropical Birds |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology |publication-place=Ithaca, New York |doi=10.2173/nb.plushc1.01 |s2cid=89917950 |access-date=2019-08-14|url-access=subscription }}

}}