Plutonides
{{Short description|Extinct genus of trilobites}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = Middle Cambrian
~{{Geological range|514|497}}
| image = P. sedgwickii.jpg
| image_caption = Lectotype cranidium
| taxon = Plutonides
| authority = Hicks, 1895
| type_species = Plutonia sedgwickii
| type_species_authority = Hicks, 1871
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
{{Specieslist
|P. sedgwickii|(Hicks, 1871)
|P.? illingi|Lake, 1935
}}
| synonyms =
Plutonia Hicks, 1871,
non Plutonia Morelet in Stabile, 1864.
}}
Plutonides is a genus of Middle Cambrian trilobite in the family Paradoxididae with species Plutonides sedgwickii and possibly Plutonides? illingi. Several other species and subspecies were at times placed in Plutonides but have subsequently been moved to other genera.
In terms of the Scandinavian Middle Cambrian sequence the genus ranges from the Baltoparadoxides oelandicus Biosuperzone (B. pinus Biosubzone) at the type locality for P. sedwickii on Trwyncynddeiriog headland located {{convert|1.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-southwest of St David’s Cathedral and {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} east of Porth Clais Harbour - Pen-y-Cyfrwy Member, Newgale Formation,{{cite journal |last1=Rees |first1=A. J. |last2=Thomas |first2=A. T. |last3=Lewis |first3=M. |last4=Hughes |first4=H. E. |last5=Turner |first5=P |year=2014 |title=The Cambrian of SW Wales: Towards a United Avalonian Stratigraphy |journal=Geological Society, London, Memoirs |volume=42 |pages=1–31|doi=10.1144/M42.1 |s2cid=130386389 }} and possibly to middle part of the Mawddachites hicksii Biozone on the Penpleidiau (eastern) Headland of Caerfai Bay south of St David’s in southwest Wales, where P? illingi occurs [Locs. TC-1 & CF-1 of Rees et al.]
Type
Plutonia sedgwickii is the type species for the genus{{cite journal |last1=Harkness |first1=R. |last2=Hicks |first2=H |year=1871 |title=On the ancient rocks of the St David's Promontory, South Wales, and their fossil contents: with descriptions of the new species, by H. Hicks, Esq. |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London |volume=27 |issue=1–2 |pages=384–404|doi=10.1144/GSL.JGS.1871.027.01-02.46 |s2cid=128467392 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2431147 }} and was first described in 1871 as "Plutonia" sedgwickii. However the genus name "Plutonia" had already been used for the Vitrinidae snail genus Plutonia by Morelet in Stabile (1864),Stabile, J., 1864. Mollusques terrestres vivants du Piemont. Atti della Societd italiana di Scienze naturali di Milano, 7: 1-141. and so the new genus Plutonides was coined by Hicks (1895).{{cite journal |last1=Hicks |first1=H. |year=1895 |title=On the genus Plutonides (non Plutonia) from the Cambrian rocks of St. David's. |journal=Geological Magazine |volume=Decade 4 |issue=2 |pages=230–231|doi=10.1017/S0016756800121193 |bibcode=1895GeoM....2..230H |s2cid=130849465 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1772196 }} The species Lectotype is SM A1086, an internal mould of cranidium,.{{cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=S. F. |year=1988 |title=A Review of British Trilobites, Including a Synoptic Revision of Salter's Monograph |journal=Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London |volume=140 |issue=374 |pages=1–316}}{{cite journal |last1=Lake |first1=P. |year=1935 |title=A Monograph of the British Cambrian Trilobites |journal=Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London |pages=197–224, pls. 26–31, pl. 31, fig. 9|volume=88| doi=10.1080/02693445.1935.12035634 }}{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=J.D.D. |last2=White |first2=D.E. |year=1963 |title=Cambrian trilobites from the Purley Shales of Warwickshire |journal=Palaeontology |volume=6 |pages=397–407, pl. 58, fig. 9}}
Species
Paradoxides cf. sedgwickii, described by Smith and White (1963) from the Baltoparadoxides pinus Biosubzone in the upper part of the Purley Shale Formation of Warwickshire, central EnglandSmith, J. D. D. and White, D. E. 1963. Cambrian trilobites from the Purley Shales of Warwickshire. Palaeontology. 6: 397–407, pl. 58, fig. 9. https://www.palass.org/sites/default/files/media/publications/palaeontology/volume_6/vol6_part3_pp397-407.pdf was redescribed by Rushton (1966, p. 42, pl. 6, figs. 1-10) {{cite journal |last1=Rushton1966 |first1=A. W. A. |year=1966 |title=The Cambrian Trilobites from the Purley Shales of Warwickshire. |journal=Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London |volume=120 |issue=511|page=1 |doi=10.1080/25761900.2022.12131699 |bibcode=1966MPalS.120....1R |s2cid=251144643 }} as ‘Paradoxides’ sedgwickii porphyrus. The subspecies has broader palpebral lobes and finer surface granulation than observed in P. sedgwickii sedgwickii.
Vanĕk et al. (1999) {{cite journal |last1= Vanĕk |first1= J |last2= Valiček |first2= J. |last3=Vocáč |first3= V. |year= 1999 |title=Plutonides hicksi (Salter) from the Middle Cambrian of Skrije - Týřovice Area (Czech Republic) |journal= Palaeontologica Bohemiae |volume= 6 |pages= 36–38 |url= http://media0.webgarden.name/files/media0:4fbaa0c7ac319.pdf.upl/1999%2002.pdf |access-date= 2015-01-04}} described cranidia from the Middle Cambrian of Skrije - Týřovice area in the Czech Republic as Plutonides hicksi, although the specimens illustrated are of a different species to that from Wales. Fletcher (2007) however, has also since established the new subgenus, Paradoxides (Mawddachites), to include P. hicksii as type species.{{cite journal |last1=Fletcher |first1=T. P. |year=2007 |title=Correlating the zones of "Paradoxides hicksii" and "Paradoxides davidis" in Cambrian Series 3 |journal=Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists |volume=33 |pages=35–56}} Alvarez et al. (2010) raised Mawddachites to a full genus.{{cite journal |last1=Dies Alvares |first1=M. E. |last2=Rushton |first2=A. W. A. |last3=Gozalao |first3=R.|last4=Pillola |first4=G. L. |last5=Liñan |first5=E. |last6=Ahlberg |first6=P. |year=2010 |title=Paradoxides brachyrhachis Linnarsson, 1883 versus Paradoxides mediterraneus Pompeckj, 1901: a problematic determination. |journal=GFF |volume=132 |issue=2, June |pages=95–104 |doi=10.1080/11035897.2010.481363 |bibcode=2010GFF...132...95D |s2cid=129620469 |issn=1103-5897}}{{cite web|website= Trilobiti - Barrandien|title= Plutonides hicksi (Salter, 1864)|url= http://trilobiti-barrandien.mypage.cz/rubriky/sbirka/kambrium-stredni/plutonides-hicksi-salter-1864|access-date=2015-01-04}}
References
{{Reflist}}
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Category:Cambrian trilobites of Asia
Category:Cambrian trilobites of Europe
Category:Fossils of Great Britain
Category:Cambrian trilobites of North America
Category:Paleontology in Newfoundland and Labrador
Category:Paleontology in Nova Scotia